Knoepp, Jennifer D.; Vose James M. 	2001	Regulation of Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrification: Separating Vegetation and Climate. 	Poster; Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN., November 5-9, 2001. 	Long-term measurements of soil nitrogen (N) transformations were made along an environmental gradient within the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory basin in western North Carolina.  Measurements were made at varying intervals using in situ closed core incubations from 1991 to 1996.  Data showed that while there was a strong seasonal pattern of N transformation rates, factors other than the environmental gradient were important in regulating rates of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification.  We hypothesized that vegetation composition may also be an important factor since vegetation composition also varies along the gradient.  Our objective in this study was to separate vegetation and climate.  During the growing seasons of 1999 and 2000 we took soil cores from each of the five gradient sites and transplanted them to all other gradient sites for their 29-day incubation.  Soils from the site with the greatest N transformation rates had the greatest rates al all other sites.  Results indicate that vegetation has an over-riding effect on soil N transformations.  Data also suggest that transplanting soil with high N transformation rates from a cool high elevation site to warm low elevation sites may cause rates to increase.  	1390 
Vose, James, M.; Maass, Jose’ Manuel. 	1998	A Comparative Analysis of Hydrologic Responses of Tropical Deciduous and Temperate Deciduous Watershed Ecosystems to Climatic Change. 	In: North American Science Symposium. Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resource. Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. November 1-6	Long term monitoring of ecological and hydrological processes is critical to understanding ecosystem function and responses to anthropogenic and natural disturbances. Much of the world’s knowledge of ecosystem responses to disturbance comes from long-term studies on gaged watersheds. However, there are relatively few long-term sites due to the large cost and commitment required to establish and maintain them. Knowledge gained from these sites is also important for predicting responses to future disturbances, such as climatic change, and these sites should be the focal point for the development and validation of predictive models.  In this study, we apply a hydrologic model (PROSPER) using climate, vegetation, and soil parameters from watersheds in the mesic southeastern United States and in the dry tropical forests of western Mexico to assess the overall effects of climate change (increased temperature and [CO2] on watershed hydrology. We both found that evapotranspiration (ET) increased substantially in both ecosystem types, with increases ranging from 24 to 42%. These increases were directly attributable to changes in leaf energy balance and evaporative demand. Streamflow decreased more substantially, with virtually no streamflow under the greatest temperature increase scenario (+20%) at the site in western Mexico. Decreased stomatal conductance was not sufficient to offset the effects of increased temperature.  	1389 
Worrall, F.; Swank, W.T.; Burt, T.P.	2001	Deconstructing A Long-Term Streamwater Nitrate Records From A Paired Catchment Study. 	Poster; Detecting Environmental Change Science and Society International Conference, London, UK, July 17-20, 2001.	The study uses time series analysis to examine long term streamwater nitrate concentration record from a pair of catchments at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina, USA, Monthly spot concentrations were available from 1970 through 1997 for two forested catchments, one of which was clear-felled in 1977 and the other maintained as a control. The time series were decomposed into their trend and annual cycle before modeling as an autoregressive (AR) process. AR models were calculated for both an expanding and a moving window so that pre-felling could be directly compared with the effects of tree clearance. In comparison with flow records for both of the catchments transfer function-noise models were calculated on a moving window basis and the impulse functions derived.  Analysis shows that: 1) both catchments show an annual memory effect, but that the clear-felled catchment shows, in addition, a six month memory effect. 2) The annual effect in the control catchment responds to drought conditions while in the felled catchment it reflects the change in vegetation. 3) The sixth month effect in the felled catchment responds to drought conditions independent of the annual effect and of logging operations. 4) The control catchment shows no significant impulse function with respect to flow while for the felled catchments a distinct impulse develops overtime subsequent to logging, but also responds to drought conditions. Time series analysis represents a useful technique to understand the integrated response of catchments to both natural and anthropogenic changes.  	1388 
Clinton, B.D.; Mair, C.A.; Sullivan, N.H.	2001	An examination of the relationship between sapflow rate and measured stem C02 efflux in trees. 	Ecological Society of America; 2001 August 6-10, Madison, WI. (Poster).	The aqueous transfer of CO2 within the xylem may increase or decrease the gaseous transfer of CO2 from the stem surface such that under certain conditions, traditional chamber-based measurements of stem respiration become equivocal. We examined the relationship between transpiration, sapflow, xylem [CO2] and stem respiration in several hardwood and softwood species. We hypothesized that the degree of correlation within a species is strongly influenced by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors, bark diffusivity, and xylem sap [C02]. In mature scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) we found a general relationship between stem C02 efflux and leaf level measures of transpiration. Stem surface C02 efflux and sap flow velocity (Granier method) were measured over three consecutive summer days in a 40 year-old white pine (Pinus strobus) and yellow poplar stand. There was a significant but negative correlation between average daily stem CO2 efflux and sap flow velocity in yellow poplar (r2 =0.48) but not in white pine (r2= 0.11). These results suggest that there may be a species-specific relationship between stem C02 efflux and water use. However, in planted cottonwood (Populus deltoides) on dry sites in central Texas we found a significant direct relationship between stem C02 flux and VPD (r2 = 0.32). Hence, understanding diurnal and seasonal variation in stem CO2 efflux within and among species would provide a more complete characterization of whole-plant C cycles.  	1385 
Wear, David N.; Turner, Monica G.; Flamm, Richard O. 	1996	Ecosystem management with multiple owners: Landscape dynamics in a southern Appalachian watershed. 	Ecological Applications. 6(4): 1173-1188.	Ecosystem management is emerging as an organizing theme for land use and resource management in the United States. However, while this subject is dominating professional and policy discourse, little research has examined how such system-level goals might be formulated and implemented. Effective ecosystem management will require insights into the functioning of ecosystems at appropriate scales and their responses to human interventions, as well as factors such as resource markets and social preferences that hold important influence over land and resource use. In effect, such management requires an understanding of ecosystem processes that include human actors and social choices. We examine ecosystem management issues using spatial models that simulate landscape change for a study site in the southern Appalachian highlands of the United States. We attempt to frame a set of ecosystem management issues by examining how this landscape could develop under a number of different scenarios designed to reflect historical land-cover dynamics as well as hypothetical regulatory approaches to ecosystem management. Scenarios based on historical change show that recent shifts in social forces that drive land cover change on both public and private lands imply a more stable and a more forested landscape.  Scenarios based on two hypothetical regulatory instruments indicate that public land management may have only limited influence on overall landscape pattern and that spatially targeted approaches on public and private lands may be more efficient than blanket regulation for achieving landscape-level goals.  	1384 
Webster, J.R.; Tank, J.L.; Wallace, J.B.; Meyer, J.L.; Eggert, S.L.; Ehrman, T.P.; Ward, B.R.; Bennett, B.L.; Wagner, P.F.; McTammany, M.E. 	2000	Effects of litter exclusion and wood removal on phosphorus and nitrogen retention in a forest stream.	Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.. 27: 1337-1340	Many studies in the past have shown indirect evidence of the importance of terrestrial detritus in woodland streams, but recently Wallace et al. (1997b) eliminated leaf and wood inputs to a small stream and directly demonstrated the importance of this material to stream food webs. Additionally this whole-stream experiment has shown that terrestrial detritus is more than just food for invertebrates. Tank & Webster (1998) found accelerated wood biofilm development and wood decomposition in the litter exclusion stream, and Meyer et al. (1998) used the litter exclusion experiment to estimate that leaves contribute approximately 30% of dissolved organic carbon exports. Previous studies have also suggested that leaf litter in streams is important to nutrient retention (Mulholland et al. 1985, Elwood et. Al 1988.) The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of liter exclusion and wood removal on retention of dissolved nutrients.  	1383 
Webster, J.R.; Tank, J.L.; Wallace, J.B.; Meyer, J.L.; Eggert, S.L.; Ehrman, T.P.; Ward, B.R.; Bennett, B.L.; Wagner, P.F.; McTammany, M.E. 	2000	Effects of litter exclusion and wood removal on phosphorus and nitrogen retention in a forest stream	Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.. 27: 1337-1340	Many studies in the past have shown indirect evidence of the importance of terrestrial detritus in woodland streams, but recently Wallace et al. (1997b) eliminated leaf and wood inputs to a small stream and directly demonstrated the importance of this material to stream food webs. Additionally this whole-stream experiment has shown that terrestrial detritus is more than just food for invertebrates. Tank & Webster (1998) found accelerated wood biofilm development and wood decomposition in the litter exclusion stream, and Meyer et al. (1998) used the litter exclusion experiment to estimate that leaves contribute approximately 30% of dissolved organic carbon exports. Previous studies have also suggested that leaf litter in streams is important to nutrient retention (Mulholland et al. 1985, Elwood et. Al 1988.) The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of liter exclusion and wood removal on retention of dissolved nutrients.  	1382 
Dolloff, C. Andrew; Webster, Jackson R.	2000	Particulate Organic Contributions from Forests to Streams: 	In: Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United 	Testing. Testing 	1370 
Hutchens, John Jehu, Jr.	2000	Effects of geomorphology and disturbance on stream ecosystems in the southern Appalachians.	Athens, GA.: University of Georgia. 238 p. Ph. D. dissertation.	  	1353 
Chang, Chin-Sung	1993	Genetic structure of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) at Coweeta, North Carolina.	Athens, GA.: University of Georgia. 76 p. M.S. thesis	  	1352 
Hardt, Richard Alan	1993	Characterization of Old-Growth Forests In The Southern Appalachian Region Of The United States And Implications For Their Management.	Athens, GA.: University of Georgia. 155 p. Ph. D. dissertation.	  	1351 
Reynolds, Barbara Foster.	2000	Effects Of Canopy Herbivores On Soil Systems Along An Elevation Gradient.	Athens, GA.: University of Georgia. 133 p. Ph. D. dissertation.	  	1347 
Nilsen, E.T.; Clinton, B.D., Lei, T.T.; Miller, O.K.; Semones, S.W.; Walker, J.F. 	2001	Does Rhododendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) Reduce the Availability of Resources Above and Belowground for Canopy Tree Seedlings? 	American Midland Naturalist. 145: 325-343.	Subcanopy shrubs and perennial herbs inhibit recruitment of canopy trees in forests around the world. Although this phenomenon is widespread, and can have significant effects on community dynamics, the mechanisms of inhibition are not well understood. In the southern Appalachian region. Rhododendron maximum inhibits the recruitment of canopy tree in forests of northern red oak (Quercus rubra). We have shown, in previous research, that processes occurring before canopy tree seed germination are not responsible for this inhibition. Therefore, post-germination processes, such as competition for resources are most important. In this study we show that the presence of a thicket of R. maximum in the understory reduced the availability of light by 80%, the frequency and duration of sunflecks by 96%, the availability of water by 20% and the availability of several soil nutrients (particularly cations) by variable amounts. Moreover, the survival of Q. rubra seedlings in the understory over 3 y was significantly reduced (by about 40%) in the presence of a R. maximum thicket compared with forest without a thicket. Seedling survival was positively associated with light availability, but the slope and intercept of that relationship was different in forest with or without R. maximum. Therefore, belowground processes are involved in reduced seedling survival under the R. maximum thicket.  The resources most associated with survival of Q. rubra seedlings were water and light. Although many soil nutrients were significantly lower in forest with R. maximum than in forest with R. maximum, no individual nutrient was a significant covariate with	1258 
Parr, Mark William	1992	Long-Term Vegetation Responses To Thinning In A Southern Appalachian Cove.	Athens, GA.: University of Georgia. 126 p. M.S. Thesis	  	1346 
Hedman, Craig W. 	1992	Southern Appalachian riparian zones: their vegetative composition and cntributions of large woody debris to streams.	Clemson, SC: Clemson University. 146 p. Ph. D. dessertation.	  	1350 
Waldrop, Thomas A.; Welch, Nicole Turrill; Brose, Patrick, H.; Elliott, Katherine, J.; Mohr, Helen, H.; Gray, Ellen, E. 	2000   	Current Research on Restoring Ridgetop Pine Communities With Stand Replacement Fire. 	In: USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station GTR-NE-274: Proceedings Workshop on Fire, People, and the Central Hardwoods Landscape; 2000 March 12-14; Richmond, Kentucky:103-109.	Ridgetop pine communities of the Southern Appalachian Mountains historically have been maintained by lightning-and human-caused fires. With fire suppression for several decades, characteristic stands are entering later seral stages. They typically have an overstory of Table Mountain (Pinus pungens) and/or pitch pine (P. rigida). a midstory of chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea) and blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), and a shrub layer of dense mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia). Previous research suggests that restoration of these communities can be accomplished with high-intensity fires that open the forest canopy and expose mineral soil. Three recent studies examined plant-community response to high intensity prescribe fires. A series of corollary studies help to explain some of the results of these field studies. High and medium-high intensity fires provided adequate sunlight for pine seedlings, whereas medium-low and low intensity fires did not. Post-burn duff was deep and did not vary by fire intensity. We observed sufficient seedling densities to restore pine-dominated stands after all but the highest intensity fires. Many seedlings survived the first growing season as their roots penetrated duff to reach mineral soil. Hardwood rootstocks resprouted on sites treated with all fire intensities ad may out-compete pine seedlings for available resources.  High-intensity fires may have reduced mycorrhizal abundance and moisture availability for new germinants.  Fires of lower intensity than previously recommended or multiple fires of very low-intensity may best provide conditions for pine regeneration, but additional research is needed.  	1344 
Peterson, Bruce J.;  Wollheim, Wilfred M.; Mulholland, Patrick J.; Webster, Jackson R.; Meyer, Judy L.; Tank, Jennifer L.; Marti, Eugenia; Bowden, William B.; Valett, H. Maurice; Hershey, Anne E.	2001	Control of Nitrogen Export from Watersheds by Headwater Streams. 	Science. 292: 86-90	A comparative 15N-tracer study of nitrogen dynamics in headwater streams from biomes throughout North America demonstrates that streams exert control over nutrient exports to rivers, lakes, and estuaries. The most rapid uptake and transformation of inorganic nitrogen occurred in the smallest streams. Ammonium entering these streams was removed from the water within a few tens to hundreds of meters. Nitrate was also removed from stream water but traveled a distance 5 to 10 times as long, on average, as ammonium. Despite low ammonium concentration in stream water, nitrification rates were high, indicating that small streams are potentially important sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide. During seasons of high biological activity, the reaches of headwater streams typically export downstream less than half of the input of dissolved inorganic nitrogen from their watersheds.	1254 
Nilsen, E.T.; Clinton, B.D., Lei, T.T.; Miller, O.K.; Semones, S.W.; Walker, J.F. 	2001	Does Rhododendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) Reduce the Availability of Resources Above and Belowground for Canopy Tree Seedlings? 	American Midland Naturalist. 145: 325-343.	Subcanopy shrubs and perennial herbs inhibit recruitment of canopy trees in forests around the world. Although this phenomenon is widespread, and can have significant effects on community dynamics, the mechanisms of inhibition are not well understood. In the southern Appalachian region. Rhododendron maximum inhibits the recruitment of canopy tree in forests of northern red oak (Quercus rubra). We have shown, in previous research, that processes occurring before canopy tree seed germination are not responsible for this inhibition. Therefore, post-germination processes, such as competition for resources are most important. In this study we show that the presence of a thicket of R. maximum in the understory reduced the availability of light by 80%, the frequency and duration of sunflecks by 96%, the availability of water by 20% and the availability of several soil nutrients (particularly cations) by variable amounts. Moreover, the survival of Q. rubra seedlings in the understory over 3 y was significantly reduced (by about 40%) in the presence of a R. maximum thicket compared with forest without a thicket. Seedling survival was positively associated with light availability, but the slope and intercept of that relationship was different in forest with or without R. maximum. Therefore, belowground processes are involved in reduced seedling survival under the R. maximum thicket.  The resources most associated with survival of Q. rubra seedlings were water and light. Although many soil nutrients were significantly lower in forest with R. maximum than in forest with R. maximum, no individual nutrient was a significant covariate with	1253 
Nilsen, E.T.; Clinton, B.D., Lei, T.T.; Miller, O.K.; Semones, S.W.; Walker, J.F. 	2001	Does Rhododendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) Reduce the Availability of Resources Above and Belowground for Canopy Tree Seedlings? 	American Midland Naturalist. 145: 325-343.	Subcanopy shrubs and perennial herbs inhibit recruitment of canopy trees in forests around the world. Although this phenomenon is widespread, and can have significant effects on community dynamics, the mechanisms of inhibition are not well understood. In the southern Appalachian region. Rhododendron maximum inhibits the recruitment of canopy tree in forests of northern red oak (Quercus rubra). We have shown, in previous research, that processes occurring before canopy tree seed germination are not responsible for this inhibition. Therefore, post-germination processes, such as competition for resources are most important. In this study we show that the presence of a thicket of R. maximum in the understory reduced the availability of light by 80%, the frequency and duration of sunflecks by 96%, the availability of water by 20% and the availability of several soil nutrients (particularly cations) by variable amounts. Moreover, the survival of Q. rubra seedlings in the understory over 3 y was significantly reduced (by about 40%) in the presence of a R. maximum thicket compared with forest without a thicket. Seedling survival was positively associated with light availability, but the slope and intercept of that relationship was different in forest with or without R. maximum. Therefore, belowground processes are involved in reduced seedling survival under the R. maximum thicket.  The resources most associated with survival of Q. rubra seedlings were water and light. Although many soil nutrients were significantly lower in forest with R. maximum than in forest with R. maximum, no individual nutrient was a significant covariate with	1252 
Petty, J.T.; Grossman, G. D	2000	The effects of an underwater fish observation technique on stream macroinvertebrates at two spatial scales.	Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 9: 145-152	We examined the effects of snorkeling, a commonly used fish observation technique, on the distribution and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates at both the reach (i.e. 10 m) and patch scale (i.e., < 1 m) within a southern Appalachian stream (North Carolina, USA). At the reach scale, we quantified increases in macroinvertebrate drift rates associated with snorkeling and used these values to calculate the percentage of the macrobenthos that drifted out of snorkeled reaches. We also used a simple decay model of macroinvertebrate drift to quantify patch scale effects of snorkeling. The model incorporated size specific macroinvertebrate settling rates to estimate the total number of benthic macroinvertebrates that enter the drift in response to snorkeling disturbance.  We found that snorkeling consistently produced significant increases in the number of drifting macroinvertebrates. Nevertheless, these increases comprised a very small percentage (<1%) of the total number of organisms in the benthos, suggesting that snorkeling probably did not strongly affect macroinvertebrate assemblages at either the reach or patch scale.  However, our analyses also indicated that snorkeling had a disproportionate response to snorkeling) relative to other macroinvertebrate taxa.  Consequently, the micro distribution of early instar mayflies may have been altered within snorkeled reaches. We conclude that snorkeling related disturbance to the benthos should have minimal effect on the behavior and distribution of most stream fishes at either the reach or patch scale. However, because snorkeling may influence the behavior of fishes that depend on early instar mayflies as a primary food source.	1251 
Rincon, Pedro, A.; Grossman, Gary D.	1998	The effects of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on the use of spatial resources and behavior of rosyside dace (Clinostonus funduloides).	Archive Hydrobiology. 141(3): 333-352. 	Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and rosyside dace (Clinostomus funduloides) exhibit substantial overlap in microhabitat use in Coweeta Creek, North Carolina, USA. We conducted a replicated experiment in an artificial stream to assess the effects of both the presence of rainbow trout and dace density on: 1) microhabitat use, 2) agonistic behavior, 3) social behavior and 4) feeding rates of dace. Our results demonstrated that microhabitat use of dace was highly variable both among competition treatments within a replicate and for the same competition treatment among replicates. Moreover, the pattern of the differences between competition treatments was not consistent among replicates.  As a result, we detected a significant effect of experimental replicate on dace microhabitat use but no significant competition effect. Trout had little effect on the behavior of dace and intraspecific aggression was much more common than interspecific aggression. There were strong inter-individual differences in the agonistic behavior of dace, and 94 of the 127 aggressive individuals per replicate.  We detected few significant acclimation or time of day effects. The significant differences in microhabitat use and behavior observed with replicates appeared to be a consequence of differential initial settlement patterns of dace or the presence of one or two highly aggressive dace in treatments. Hence, we do not believe that interspecific competition with rainbow trout has a strong effect on microhabitat use by dace in Coweeta Creek.	1250 
Thompson, Andrew R.;  Petty, J. Todd; Grossman, Gary D.	2001	Multi-scale effects of resource patchiness on foraging behavior and habitat use by longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae. 	Freshwater Biology. 46: 145-160.	We examined the response of a predatory benthic fish, the longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), to patchiness in the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates on cobbles at three hierarchical spatial scales during summer and autumn 1996, and spring 1997 in a southern Appalachian stream.
	1247 
Thompson, Andrew R.;  Petty, J. Todd; Grossman, Gary D.	2001	Multi-scale effects of resource patchiness on foraging behavior and habitat use by longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae. 	Freshwater Biology. 46: 145-160.	We examined the response of a predatory benthic fish, the longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), to patchiness in the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates on cobbles at three hierarchical spatial scales during summer and autumn 1996, and spring 1997 in a southern Appalachian stream.
	1244 
Thompson, Andrew R.;  Petty, J. Todd; Grossman, Gary D.	2001	Multi-scale effects of resource patchiness on foraging behavior and habitat use by longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae. 	Freshwater Biology. 46: 145-160.	We examined the response of a predatory benthic fish, the longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), to patchiness in the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates on cobbles at three hierarchical spatial scales during summer and autumn 1996, and spring 1997 in a southern Appalachian stream.
	1241 
Thompson, Andrew R.;  Petty, J. Todd; Grossman, Gary D.	2001	Multi-scale effects of resource patchiness on foraging behavior and habitat use by longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae. 	Freshwater Biology. 46: 145-160.	We examined the response of a predatory benthic fish, the longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), to patchiness in the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates on cobbles at three hierarchical spatial scales during summer and autumn 1996, and spring 1997 in a southern Appalachian stream.
	1238 
Thompson, Andrew R.;  Petty, J. Todd; Grossman, Gary D.	2001	Multi-scale effects of resource patchiness on foraging behavior and habitat use by longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae. 	Freshwater Biology. 46: 145-160.	We examined the response of a predatory benthic fish, the longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), to patchiness in the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates on cobbles at three hierarchical spatial scales during summer and autumn 1996, and spring 1997 in a southern Appalachian stream.
	1235 
Sampson, D.A.; Vose, J.M.; Allen, H. L. 	1998	A conceptual approach to stand management using leaf area index as the integral of site structure, physiological function, and resource supply. 	In: Proceedings of the ninth biennial southern silvicultureal research conference; 1997 February 25-27; Clemson, SC. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 447-451.	Stand management involves manipulation of factors that are thought to control ecophysiological mechanisms determining forest growth and function. Stand leaf area index can be used to assess current growth, as well as site growth potential based on the perceived ability of the stand to respond to silvicultural manipulation (e.g., fertilization). We sampled the leaf are index (LAI) in 30 plots for each of six forest cover-types across the Southeast to examine natural variability in LAI. The mean index ranged from 3.5 to 5.1 m2m2 (projected); spruce-fir had the lowest while maple-beech-birch had the highest. We present a conceptual model that relates LAI to site resources, occupancy, and shade tolerance to initiate discourse and development of diagnostic tools for evaluating site-specific determinants of forest growth. Simulations from a process model suggest that biologically achievable LAI may not be optimal LAI for maximum growth.	1233 
Ford, W. Mark; Menzel, Michael A.; McCay, Timothy S.; Laerm, Joshua. 	2001	Contiguous Allopatry Of The Masked Shrew And Southeastern Shrew In The Southern Appalachians: Segregations Along An Elevational And Habitat Gradient.	The Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. 117 (1): 20-28.	Southeastern shrew (Sorex longirostris) and masked shrew (Sorex cinereus) distributions converge in the southern Appalachians. A 306,454-pitfall-trapnight survey in Alabama, Georgia, North Carloina, and South Carolina documented the presence of southeastern shrews in the Cumberland Plateau Ridge and Valley, Upper Piedmonts, and Blue Ridge physiographic provinces. Southeastern shrews occur at low elevations (mean = 524.9 m), primarily in xeric upland hardwood, mixed pine (Pinus spp.)-hardwood, and pine forests. Masked shrews only occur in the Blue Ridge at high elevations (mean = 1,069.6 m), primarily in mesic cove hardwood, northern hardwood, and montane streamside forests. Upper elevation limits of southeastern shrew and lower elevational limits of masked shrew show an inverse relation with latitude relative to shrew collections from farther north along the Appalachians. Southeastern shrews and masked shrews are allopatric in the southern Appalachians except in the Blue Ridge where the species exhibit contiguous allopatry, based on elevation and habitat associations.  	1232 
Rincon, P.A.; Hughes, N.F.; Grossman, G.D. 	2000	Landscape approaches to stream fish ecology, mechanistic aspects of habitat selection and behavioral ecology. 	Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 9: 1-3	Introduction and commentary.	1231 
Grossman, Gary D. 	1998	Notes from the Blackboard. Choosing the right graduate school and getting the job you’ve always wanted. 	Fisheries. 23(9): 16-17.	Graduate Mentoring Essay.
	1228 
Swank, W.T.; Vose, J.M.; Elliott, K.J. 	2001	Long-term hydrologic and water quality responses following commercial clearcutting of mixed hardwoods on a southern Appalachian catchment. 	Forest Ecology and Management. 143: 163-178.	Long-term changes (~20 years) in water yield, the storm hydrograph, stream inorganic chemistry, and sediment yield were analyzed for a 59 ha mixed hardwood-covered catchment (Watershed 7) in the southern Appalachian mountains (USA) following clearcutting and cable logging. The first year after cutting, streamflow increased 26 cm or 28% above the flow expected if the forest had not been cut. In subsequent years, discharge increases declined at a rate of 5-7 cm per year until the fifth year when changes in flow returned to baseline values. Later in forest succession, between ages 15 and 18 years, both significant increases and decreases in annual water yield were observed: these discharge dynamics are discussed in relation to vegetation regrowth dynamics. Flow responses predicted from an empirical regional scale model were within 17% of experimental values during the first 4 years of regrowth. Intra-annual analysis showed that proportionally larger increases (48%) in flow occurred in the low flow months of August-October. Storm hydrograph analysis showed that, on an average, initial flow rate and peakflow rates increased 14-15% and stormflow volume increased 10%. Analyses of stream solute concentrations and catchment nutrient fluxes showed small increases in nutrient losses following clearcutting and logging. Responses were largest the third year after treatment with annual values of 1.3, 2.4, 2.7, 3.2, 1.4, 0.39. and 2.1 kg ha-1 for NO3-N, K, Na, Ca, Mg, S, and C1, respectively. Explanations for the retention of nutrients and high ecosystem resistance and resilience are discussed in relation to internal biogeochemical cycles based on long-term 	1227 
Beckage, Brian; Clark, James S.; Clinton, Barton D.; Haines, Bruce L. 	2000	A long-term study of tree seedling recruitment in southern Appalachian forests: the effects of canopy gaps and shrub understudies. 	Canadian Journal Forestry Research. 30: 1617-1631.	We examined the importance of intermediate-sized gaps and a dense shrub layer on tree seedling recruitment in a southern Appalachian deciduous forest. We created 12 canopy gaps under two contrasting understory conditions: 6 gaps were dominated by the dense, shade-producing shrub, Rhododendron maximum L., while the remaining gaps were relatively open. Density of first-year and >first-year seedlings was monitored for 5 years in transects extending from adjacent undisturbed forest through the experimental gaps. We concurrently measured the understory light environment, soil moisture, litter biomass, and seed rain. Neither species diversity nor richness consistently  increased following gap formation. Acer rubrum L. responded consistently to canopy gaps with increased seedling densities while most other species, including both shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant species, did not. Seedling densities were especially low and unresponsive to gap formation in areas dominated by R. maximum. Understory light levels were consistently low beneath R. maximum and did not increase with canopy gap formation. Our results suggest that dense shrub cover can neutralize recruitment opportunities in canopy gaps, that seed rain often limits recruitment in gaps, and that canopy gaps that are larger or include understory disturbance are needed to maintain diversity in these forests.	1226 
Courtney, Gregory W. 	2000	Revision Of The Net-Winged Midges Of The Net-Winged Midges Of The Genus Blepharicera Macquart (Diptera: Blephariceridae) Of Eastern North America.	In: Memoirs of The Entomological Society Of Washington Number 23. The Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, D.C. 99p.	The net-winged midges (Diptera: Blephariceridae: Blepharicera Macquart) of eastern North America are revised to include 16 species. Seven new species are described: B. caudate, n. sp., B. Chattooga, n. sp., B. corniculata, n.sp., B. magna, n. sp., and B. tuberosa, n. sp. from the southern Appalachians; B. gelida, n. sp. from the central and southern Appalachians; and B. hispida, n. sp. from the central and northern Appalachians. Previously unknown life stages of B. capitata Loew, B, cherokea Hogue, B. diminutiva Hogue, and B. separata Alexander, a species raised from synonymy, are described, and a redescription of adult B. separatea is given. Also provided are an overview of blepharicerid natural history, keys to larvae, pupae, and adults of all eastern Blepharicera, and brief discussions of the bionomics and distribution of each species.	1225 
Reynolds, Barbara, C.; Hunter, Mark D.; Crossley, D.A., Jr. 	2000	Effects of Canopy Herbivory On Nutrient Cycling In A Northern Hardwood Forest In Western North Carolina. 	Selbyana. 21(1.2): 74-78	In May 1998 an outbreak of sawflies, Periclista sp. (Hymenoptera: Symphyta), occurred in a high-elevation hardwood forest in western North Carolina. Estimated defoliation of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and white oak (Q. alba) removed 40% of leaf area. Weights of frass (insect feces) collected at the site were greater than at a nearby site of lower elevation that was not defoliated. Within a month of the outbreak, elevated levels of nitrate-nitrogen. (NO3-N) were measured in through fall and resin bag samples from the site and in stream water draining the affected watershed.  The lower elevation control watershed did not show increased levels of nitrate-nitrogen in through fall, resin bags, or stream chemistry. This study demonstrates that insect defoliators can influence ecosystem-level processes such as nutrient cycling.	1224 
Eberts, Sandra M.;  Schalk, Charles W.; Vose, James; Harvey, Gregory J. 	1999	Hydrologic effects of cottonwood trees on a shallow aquifer containing trichloroethene. In: Hydrological Science and Technology Special Issue 4th.  USA/CIS Joint Conference: Hydrological Issues of the	American Institute of Hydrology: 15:115-121.	In April 1996, a field demonstration was begun to evaluate the use of cottonwood trees to help clean up a trichloroethene-contaminated shallow aquifer (< 4 meters below land surface) at the Naval Air Station, Fort Worth, Texas. Transpiration, climate, soil-moisture, and tree-root data were collected and used to parameterize and validate the hydrologic model PROSPER, which was used to simulate evapotranspiration for a 12-year period and to determine the trees’ uptake of contaminated water from the saturated zone (aquifer).  Simulated annual evapotranspiration from the combined unsaturated and saturated zones ranges from 25 to 48 centimeters for the period when the tree plantations have achieved a closed canopy (year 12 and beyond), depending on assumptions regarding climatic conditions, soil-water availability, and root growth. Simulated annual uptake from the saturated zone for year 12 and beyond ranges from 12 to 28 centimeters. The ground-water flow model MODFLOW was used to simulate the effects of this predicted transpiration on ground-water flow in the aquifer. Although transpiration from the aquifer is predicted to reach between 50 and 90 percent of the initial volumetric flux of ground water through the demonstration site, the outflow of contaminated ground water from the site will likely be reduced by only 20 to 30 percent.  The discrepancy between predictions for volume of water transpired from the aquifer and the reduction in volumetric outflow of contaminate ground water can be attributed to a predicted increase in ground water inflow to the site and the release 	1223 
Coleman, David C. 	2001	Soil Biota, Soil Systems, and Processes. In: Simon Levin, eds. Encyclopedia of Diversity, vol. 5. 	American Press: 305-314.	Soil Biodiversity is an intriguing, largely unappreciated facet of global biodiversity. There are many phyla, even “domains,” within soils, which are largely unseen, making use of the uniquely diverse physicochemical complexity of soils, which is an intersection of mineral, organic, aquatic, and aerial habitats. Organisms have evolved in soils literally since pre-Cambrian times (more than 600 million years ago). They are still largely undescribed, and this is particularly true for the prokaryotes, which have awaited the development of new techniques to characterize them. By linking several organismal groups to major processes in global biogeochemistry, it is proving possible to appreciate the wide array and diverse nature of soil organism functions in the biosphere.	1222 
Knoepp, Jennifer D.; Coleman, David C.; Crossley, D.A., Jr.; Clark, James S. 	2000	Biological indices of soil quality; an ecosystem case study of their use. .	Forest Ecology and Management. 138: 357-368	Soil quality indices can help ensure that site productivity and soil function are maintained. Biological indices yield evidence of how a soil functions and interacts with the plants, animals and climate that comprise an ecosystem. Soil scientists can identify and quantify both chemical and biological soil-quality indicators for ecosystems with a single main function, such as agricultural lands and forest plantations. However, quantifying these indices in complex ecosystems- that have multiple uses or goals such as maintaining biodiversity, aesthetics, recreation, timber production and water quality- is much more difficult. In an ecosystem context all components – plants, animals and humans – interact with the soil differently, making soil quality indices variable. These interactions result in a combination of biological processes that make each ecosystem unique.  We examined the soil and site quality of five forest stands (xeric oak-pine; two mixed hardwood, cove hardwood, northern hardwood), within the 2185-ha Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. An initial rank of soil quality based on soil chemical and physical properties was assigned. The ranking was then compared with four common groups of soil biological indicators: (1) nitrogen availability; (2) litter decomposition (3) soil microarthropod populations; and (4) carbon availability. We also examined estimates of overstory productivity, overstory biodiversity and total aboveground productivity for each site as indices of site quality. We found that soil and site quality rankings varied with the indicator, showing that the soil or site of greatest quality may change depending on the use or goal of the ecosystem under examin	1221 
Kloeppel, B.D., Gower, S.T.; Vogel, J.G.; Reich, P.B. 	2000	Leaf-level resource use for evergreen and deciduous conifers along a resource availability gradient. 	Functional Ecology. 14: 281-292.	1.We compared leaf-level carbon, nitrogen and water use for a deciduous (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) and sympatric evergreen (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Beissn., Franco, or Pinus contorta Engelm.) confer along a resource availability gradient spanning the natural range of L. occidentalis in western Montana, USA. 2.We hypothesized that leaf photosynthesis (A),respiration (r), specific leaf area (SLA) and foliar nitrogen concentration (N) would be higher for deciduous than sympatric evergreen conifers in mixed stands, and that these interspecies differences would increase from high to low resource availability. We also hypothesized that leaf-level nitrogen and water-use efficiency would be higher for the co-occurring evergreen conifer than L. occidentalis. 3. In general, mass-based photosynthesis (Am) was significantly higher for L. occidentalis than co-occurring evergreen conifers in the drier sites, but Am was similar for evergreen and deciduous conifers at the mesic site. 4.Mass-based foliar nitrogen concentration (Nm) was positively correlated to SLA for all species combined across the gradient (R2 = 0·64), but the relationship was very weak (R2 = 0·08– 0·34) for evergreen and deciduous species separately. Mass-based Am and rm were poorly correlated to Nm for all species combined across the gradient (R2 = 0·28 and 0·04,respectively). 5. For each site-species combination, daily maximum Am was negatively correlated to vapour pressure deficit (VPD) (R2 < 0·04). 6.Instantaneous nitrogen-use efficiency (NUEi; Am divided by Nm) and water-use efficiency 13C)increased significantly (P = 0·05) from high to low resource availability for both ev	1220 
Coleman, D.C.; Hendrix, P.F. 	2000	Invertebrates as Webmasters in Ecosystems. 	New York: CABI Publishing. 336 p.	This book will appeal to a wide range of ecologists in basic and applied aspects of ecology internationally. In computing terminology, ‘ A webmaster is one who designs, organizes, and maintains a webpage. The webmaster has a global, not a local perspective. No matter what language is used, the webmaster facilitates access to the web’ (Aram Rouhani, personal communication). While not imputing purpose in a human-oriented sense to actions of individual species in ecosystems, we suggest that entire assemblages of invertebrates occupying many hot-spots in soils, such as the rhizosphere and drilosphere, and other portions of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, assume an organizing function and, hence, may be considered as ‘webmasters’. This theme emphasizes the centrality of the activities of invertebrates, which influence ecosystem function far out of proportion to their physical mass in a wide range of ecosystems, particularly at the interfaces between land and air (litter/soil), water and land (sediments), and in tree canopies and root/soil systems. The webmaster concept reflects both direct and indirect influences of organismal activities, for example on nutrient dynamics in entire watersheds, and is thus qualitatively different from the keystone species concept, which relates to impacts of a particular species on other species and communities in a given habitat. The webmasters concept spans scales ranging from microsites to aspects of global climate change.	1219 
Hutchens, J.J., Jr.; Benfield, E.F.   	2000	Effects of Forest Defoliation by the Gypsy Moth on Detritus Processing in Southern Appalachian Streams.	The American Midland Naturalist. 143: 397-404. 	We investigated whether changes in chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) leaf quality caused by gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) defoliation affected leaf breakdown rates in southern Appalachian streams of differing disturbance history.  Breakdown rats of secondflush leaves produced after defoliation were compared to those of natural spring-flush leaves shed in autumn. Second-flush leaves broke down significantly faster than spring-flush leaves in three of the six streams tested. Initial fiber content and the ratio of fiber to protein were significantly higher in spring-flush leaves than in second-flush leaves, showing that initial differences in internal leaf constituents could explain the faster breakdown rates of secondflush leaves. Using changes in leaf toughness through time as a measure of microbial conditioning we found that the faster-decaying second-flush leaves also softened at a faster rate than the spring-flush leaves. In addition, both types of leaves incubated in three streams draining a recovering 14-y-old clear-cut catchment broke down significantly faster than leaves incubated in three streams draining a reference catchment. We attributed this increase in leaf breakdown to significantly higher abundance and density of leaf-shredding insects and greater microbial conditioning in leaf packs in the streams of the recovering clear-cut catchment. Overall, our results show that insect defoliation accelerates detritus processing in southern Appalachian streams and that this acceleration may be especially important in previously disturbed streams in which leaves are already processed faster.	1218 
Darke, Arlene K.; Walbridge, Mark R. 	2000	Al and Fe Biogeochemistry in a floodplain forest: Implications for P retention. 	Biogeochemistry. 51: 1-32.	We examined spatial and temporal variations in soil chemistry in a floodplain forest landscape to determine the effects of flooding on aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) oxide biogeochemistry and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) sorption capacity.  When previously sorbed (Pi) sorption capacity. When previously sorbed Pi  was considered, the sorption capacities of floodplain and adjacent upland soils were comparable, suggesting that floodplain soils represent a second line of defense protecting downstream aquatic ecosystems from agricultural run-off. Pi  sorption capacity was highly correlated with oxalate-extractable Al (Alo)(rs= 0.78); Alo and percent organic matter (OM) were also highly correlated (rs=0.72), suggesting the importance of OM-Al complexes in these soils.  The correlation of oxalate-extractable Fe (Feo) with OM (rs = 0.64) was improved (rs= 0.80) by removing lower elevation (swale) soils, suggesting that flooding inhibits the association of Feo with OM. Fe oxide crystallinity decreased during seasonal flooding, but total extractable Fe did not change significantly. Fe solubilized during flooding was either replaced by sediment deposition (252 ± 3 mmol kg &#713;¹ yr &#713;¹), and/or reprecipitated locally. Al oxide crystallinity also decreased during flooding due to a significant decline in NaOH-extractable Al (AlN). AlN concentrations subsequently returned to pre-flooding levels, but sediment Al inputs (57 ± 3 mmol kg &#1470;¹ yr &#713;¹), were insufficient to account for this recovery. Observed Fe transformations suggest the importance of flooding-induced declines in soil redox potential to Fe biogeochemistry; observed Al transformations suggest the importance of com	1217 
Elliott, K.J.; Hitchcock, S.L.; Krueger, L.M. 	2000	Vegetation response to large-scale disturbance in a southern Appalachian forest: Hurricane Opal and salvage logging. 	2000. August 6-10. Snowbird, Utah. Poster.	Disturbance such as catastrophic windthrow can play a major role in the structure and composition of southern Appalachian forests. Oct 5, 1995 the center of Hurricane Opal passed over southeastern Tennessee causing high winds and heavy rainfall in much of the southern Appalachians including the Coweeta Basin, southwestern North Carolina. The unusual size and strength of Opal had a considerable affect on inland forest communities resulting in large-scale tree damage and subsequent salvage logging operations. Little is known about how southern Appalachian forests will respond to this type of catastrophic windthrow followed by salvage logging. In addition, information on herb responses to gaps is scarce relative to that for trees. The objective of this study was to compare herbaceous layer and tree species richness diversity (H’; Shannon index), evenness (J’), and composition in a hurricane + salvage logged (H+S) area to an adjacent undisturbed forest. While other studies in the Coweeta Basin have documented regeneration following disturbance, this is the first study examining the effects of catastrophic windthrow on regeneration and vegetation dynamics. Abundance of herbaceous layer species was much higher in the H+S area than in the undisturbed forest and abundance increased over time. Percent cover, density and species richness were significantly higher in the H+S area than in the undisturbed forest. In addition, percent cover increased approximately 85% between 1997 and 1999 in the H+S plots. H’ based on percent cover was significantly higher in the H+S area than the undisturbed forest by the third year after disturbance. However, there was no significant difference in H’ b	1216 
Knoepp, J.D.; Vose, J.M.; Swank, W.T. 	1999	Soil chemical response to prescribe burning in the southern Appalachians. 	1999. October 31 – November 4. Salt Lake City, Utah. Page 307. Poster.	A fell and burn prescription was applied to three paired pine-hardwood stands. Soil cation concentrations, pH, total carbon (C), and total nitrogen (N) were measured before and periodically for five years following treatment. Nitrogen transformations plus nutrient availability I soil solution and a stream draining one site were measured before and periodically for three years after burning. Significant treatment effects were seen only on the site with the greatest burn severity. Exchangeable calcium and magnesium concentrations, soil pH and N availability increased, whereas there were no effects on total soil C or N. N mineralization rates were greater on burned vs. control plots in 50% of the months measured following treatment. Data show that while nutrient availability increased following treatment there was no adverse effect on total soil nutrients or water quality.	1215 
Elliott, Katherine J.; Vose, James M.; Swank, Wayne T.	2000 	Fire as a silvicultural tool to improve southern Appalachian pine-hardwood stands.	In: W. Keith Moser and Cynthia F. Moser (eds.). Fire and Forest ecology: innovative Silviculture and vegetation management. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings, No. 21. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL.: 198. 	Historically, fire was an integral part of the disturbance regime of southern Appalachian forests and defined their natural structure and composition. In particular, mixed pine-hardwood forest types occupying dry ridge sites (primarily composed of Pinus rigida and Quercus prinus in the overstory and Kalmia latifolia in the understory) are thought to be highly dependent on high-intensity fires for their maintenance. Fire suppression and the limited occurrence of intense natural fires in xeric pine-hardwood forests have promoted the dominance of hardwoods, and the pine component has been in a state of decline for about 2 decades. We have initiated research on the use of prescribed “stand-replacement” fires to restore degraded pine-hardwood stands. In this application, the objective of the fire is to produce a high-intensity fire, a simulated wildfire, sufficient to produce seedbed conditions for pine seed germination and reduce Kalmia latifolia vigor to allow for seedling establishment. This approach has only recently been applied in the southern Appalachians, and very little is known about ecosystem responses to this prescription. In April 1995, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service conducted a prescribed burn along a south-facing slope of a southern Appalachian watershed, Nantahala National Forest, in western North Carolina. Fire had been excluded for >70 years, and the purpose of the burn was to create a mosaic of fire intensities to restore a degraded pine-hardwood community and to stimulate forage production and promote oak regeneration along a hillslope gradient. Our preliminary results indicate that the prescribed fire increased pine regeneration and created a mix of species comparable to wildfire-derived communities. This paper will discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and unknowns associated with this treatment. 
  	1355 
Simons, Theodore R.; Pearson, Scott M.; Moore, Frank R.	2000	Application Of Spatial Models To The Stopover Ecology Of Trans-Gulf Migrants.	Studies in Avian Biology. 20: 4-14.	Studies at migratory stopover sites along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico are providing an understanding of how weather,habitat, and energetic factors combine to shape the stopover ecology of trans-Gulf migrants. We are coupling this understanding with analyses of landscape level patterns of habitat availability by using spatially explicit models to simulate avian movements through stopover habitats. The probability that an individual migrant will complete a migration successfully is determined by the bird’s energetic status and flight morphology, and the quality, quantity, and spatial pattern of habitats encountered during migration.  The models evaluate habitat patches according to their distance from the coast, isolation from other patches of suitable habitat, and habitat quality.Evaluation procedures have been developed from available data on the arrival condition of migrants, energetic and morphological constraints on movement, and species-specific habitat preferences. Window analysis and individual-based modeling are used to demonstrate how the abundance, quality, and spatial pattern of habitats interact with the arrival energetic state of migrants to determine the suitability of migratory stopover habitats along the northern Gulf coast. Our goal is to understand how landscape-scale patterns of habitat conversion may be affecting populations of trans-Gulf migrants.	1213 
Yeakley, J. Alan; Moen, Ron A.; Breshears, David D.; Nungesser, Martha K. 	1994	Response of North American ecosystem models to multi-annual periodicities in temperature and precipitation. 	Landscape Ecology. (9) 4: 249-260. 	Ecosystem models typically use input temperature and precipitation data generated stochastically from weather station means and variances. Although the weather station data are based on measurements taken over a few decades, model simulations are usually on the order of centuries.  Consequently, observed periodicities in temperature and precipitation at the continental scale that have been correlated with large-scale forcings, such as ocean-atmosphere dynamics and lunar and sunspot cycles, are ignored. We investigated how these natural climatic fluctuations affect aboveground biomass in ecosystem models by incorporating some of the more pronounced continental-scale cycles in temperature (4,11, 80,180 year periods) and precipitation (11 and 19 year periods) into models of three North American forests (using LINKAGES) and one North American grassland (using STEPPE). Even without inclusion of periodicities in climate, long-term dynamics of these models were characterized by internal frequencies resulting from vegetation birth, growth and death processes. Our results indicate that long-term temperature cycles result in significantly lower predictions of forest biomass than observed in the control case for a forest on a biome transition (northern hardwoods/boreal forest). Lower-frequency, higher-amplitude temperature oscillation caused amplification of forest biomass response in forests containing hardwood species. Shortgrass prairie and boreal ecosystems, dominated by species with broad stress tolerance ranges, were relatively insensitive to climatic oscillations.  Our results suggest periodicities in climate should be incorporated within long-term simulations of ecosy	1212 
Hansen, Randi, A. 	2000	Effects Of Habitat Complexity And Composition On A Diverse Litter Microarthropod Assemblage.	Ecology. 81(4): 1120-1132	Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) are the most diverse arthropod group in forest litter and soil, and they make significant contributions to decomposition as microbial grazers and saprophages. As is true for all the hyperdiverse soil taxa, the determinants of their diversity and species composition are virtually unexplored.  The experiment tests whether heterogeneity of the litter habitat is a determinant of their local diversity, and whether litter composition is a determinant of their species composition.  At a single site of temperate deciduous forest at the Coweeta Hydrological Laboratory in the mountains of North Carolina, USA, natural litterfall was excluded from a series of 42 1-m² plots and, for three consecutive years, replaced with treatment litters that varied in their composition and complexity.  Plots of pure yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and red oak (Quercus rubra) litter comprised the monotypic or simple litter treatments. Two complex litters included a mixture of these three litter species and a mixture of seven litter species with pieces of small woody debris.Monotypic litters developed profiles of reduced thickness that contained lower numbers of invading roots and less humic and arthropod fecal material.  Over 3 yr, oribatid abundance and richness declined substantially and to a similar degree in all simple litter treatments, though the dominant species, Oppiella nova, was unaffected by litter simplification. Similarity of species composition increased markedly among replicates within each litter treatment for two sectors of the assemblage: the large, litter-dwelling species and the endophagous and wood-associated species. Species composition among small litter-dwellers was unresponsive to litter type.  Several characteristics of monotypic-litter habitats potentially contributed to the erosion of the oribatid assemblage. Loss of structure in monotypic litter likely led to reduced and less hospitable physical living space. It appeared to reduce recruitment of roots and retention of humic and fecal material in the litter layer. Each monotypic litter contained only a subset of the structural microhabitats that serve as refugia for eggs and juveniles. Finally, the synchronized decomposition of uniform substrates could have led to a "boom-bust" economy in microbial resources that was unfavorable to oribatid mites and their conservative life histories.	1211 
Hansen, R.A.	2000	Diversity in the Decomposing Landscape. In: Coleman, D.C.; Hendrix, P.F., eds.	Invertebrates as Webmasters in Ecosystem: New York: CABI Publishing: 203-219	At practically any terrestrial site, the vast majority of the animal species are invertebrate members of the decomposer community. In temperate forests, these animals, primarily arthropods and nematodes, are concentrated in the decomposing organic layers that make up the top few centimeters of the soil. As thin and fragile as this layer is, it is the zone through which most of the productivity of the system, as leaves, roots, wood and animal debris, passes and is transformed. Through their activity as microbial grazers and saprophages, the decomposed fauna is the gate-keeper to the flow of material through the system. In ecosystem-level models of nutrient cycling, this zone and its inhabitants are most commonly represented by several compartments through which nutrients flow, entering as a large pulse input at litterfall and leaving through plant uptake, leaching, denitrification and respiration. But the mechanisms that regulated decomposer interaction webs, their structure and biotic diversity, are nested on a finer scale of resolution, one that discerns structure within the litter profile and the dynamics of its annual fluctuations. A mechanistic understanding of the organization of soil assemblages and their mediation of processes will require study on this scale.  In this chapter, I will focus on the most diverse of the litter-dwelling mesofaunal groups, the non-astigmatic oribatid mites, and how the morphology and dynamics of the litter profile determine their diversity, species composition and their functional impact. As a case study, I will discuss an experiment that compared the oribatid assemblage in profiles developed form monotypic litter, the typical medium for studying litter dynamics and a common consequence of human activities, with those in profiles developed from natural, mixed litter.	1210 
Hansen, Randi, A. 	1999	Red oak litter promotes a microarthropod functional group that accelerates its decomposition.	Plant and Soil. 209: 37-45.	The contribution of microarthropod activity to litter decomposition varies widely but can be substantial. Oribatid mites are the most diverse and abundant of the microarthropod groups in forest litter.  This experiment was designed to examine the effect of litter type and complexity on the diversity and species composition of oribatid mites, and to test whether alterations in species composition due to litter type affected litter decomposition. In an array of plots on a mixed-hardwood site in the mountains of North Carolina, I exposed microarthropod assemblages to a range of litter types: yellow birch, sugar maple, red oak and two mixed litters.  Over several years, the litter types selected oribatid mite assemblage of different species composition. By comparing the decomposition of consecutive cohorts of litter, it was possible to detect differences in decomposition accompanying the shifts in the assemblage. A comparison of the mass loss rates between the two litter cohorts over eighteen months reveals similar trajectories for four litter types. In the oak litter, however, the second cohort disappeared significantly faster than the first. In both years, the litters came from the same trees and were nearly identical in initial carbon and nitrogen contents. Since the response was specific to oak litter, it is unlikely that differences in environmental factors are responsible for the faster mass loss of oak. A significant increase of endophagous oribatid mites, those that burrow into plant material, in the second cohort of oak may account for its accelerated decomposition.  The woody petioles and thick leaf-planes of oak leaves provide microhabitats for burrowing mites. Endophage activity can accelerate the litter decomposition both through direct comminution of leaf material and by facilitating microbial growth. Because of their low population growth rates, oribatid populations that are reduced by disturbance are slow to recover and by disrupting these non-resilient populations, disturbance may have long-term repercussions for decomposition.	1209 
Clinton, Barton D.; Vose, James M. 	2000	Plant succession and community restoration following felling and burning in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. 	In: Moser, W. Keith; Moser, Cynthia F., ed. Fire and Forest Ecology:  Innovation Silviculture & Vegetation Management: Proceedings Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference; 1998 April 14-16; Tallahassee, FL. No.21: pg. 22-29. 	Recent declines in the yellow pine component of pine-hardwood stands in the southern Appalachian Mountains has prompted managers to increase the use of fire as a Silviculture tool. The fell and burn treatment is designed to remove competing vegetation (hardwoods and mountain laurel [Kalmia latifolia]) to ensure successful establishment of planted eastern white pine (Pinus strobus). Two years after burning, mountain laurel had accumulated more biomass than any other species and accounted for 43% of total biomass in year 1 and 20% in year 2. By year 4, mountain laurel ranked fifth (8.9% of total) in total biomass among hardwood species behind Allegheny serviceberry (Amalanchier arborea, 14.3%), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, 13.7%), red maple (Acer rubrum, 12.4%), and scarlet oak (Q. coccinea, 9.3%). Across sites, woody species richness ranged from 19-24 in year 1 and 14-22 in year 4. Species richness varied across sites and years, and there were substantial changes in the distribution of biomass among species.  The introduction of fire allowed the once dominant pitch pine (P. rigida) to successfully reestablish. On sites, pine accounted for 25% of pretreatment stem density, but <1% and 2% in the first and fourth growing seasons after burning, respectively. However, in year 1, pines had increased in density 20-fold compared to pretreatment levels, and by year 4, had maintained a 17-fold increase compared to pretreatment. The use of fire in forest management has been the subject of considerable criticism. In light of current public concerns over the loss of critical or unique habitats, fire may gain public support for use as a restoration tool.	1208 
Vose, James M. 	2000	Perspectives on using prescribed fire to achieve desired ecosystem conditions. 	In: Moser, W. Keith; Moser, Cynthia F., ed. Fire and Forest Ecology: Innovative Silviculture & Vegetation Management. Proceedings Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference; 1998 April 14-16; Tallahassee, Fl., No. 21: pg. 12-17.	Fire is a potentially powerful tool for achieving desired conditions of forest ecosystems. From an ecological perspective, the use of fire requires affirmative answers to either of the following questions: (1) Does it increase ecosystem health and sustainability: and (2) Does it preserve or restore unique species or habitats? Health and sustainability can be measured and defined in terms of: (1) rates and pool size of water, carbon, and nutrient cycling, (2) resistance and resilience to low-intensity and –severity disturbance, and (3) minimizing the likelihood of catastrophic disturbances. The departure of current ecosystem conditions from desired ecosystem conditions (defined by structural and functional characteristics) depends on the history of land use and disturbance. The disturbance history also influences the rate of attainment of desired conditions and the magnitude of ecosystem process response to burning. Hence, from an ecosystem perspective, managers must understand the interactions among land use history, current conditions, and desired conditions. These issues are examined using a case study for using prescribed fires in the southern Appalachian Mountains.	1207 
Mitchell, Katherine, A.; Bolstad, Paul V.; Vose, James M.  	1999	Interspecific and environmentally induced variation in foliar dark respiration among eighteen southeastern deciduous tree species.	Tree Physiology. 19: 861-870.	We measured variations in leaf dark respiration rate (Rd) and leaf nitrogen (N) across species, canopy light environment, and elevation for 18 co-occurring deciduous hardwood species in the southern Appalachian mountains of western North Carolina.  Our overall objective was to estimate leaf respiration rates under typical conditions and to determine how they varied within and among species.  Mean dark respiration rate at 20 °C (Rd, mass, µmol CO2 (kg leaf dry mass)-1s-1) for all 18 species was 7.31µmol kg 1s-1.  Mean Rd, mass of individual species varied from 5.17-µmol -1s-1 for Quercus coccinea Muenchh. To 8.25-µmol kg 1s-1 for Liriodendron tulipifera L. Dark respiration rate varied by leaf canopy position and was higher in leaves collected from high-light environments.  When expressed on an area basis, dark respiration rate (Rd, area, µmol CO2 (kg leaf dry area)-1s-1) showed a strong linear relationship with the predictor variables leaf nitrogen (N area, g N (m leaf area)-2) and leaf structure (LMA, g leaf dry mass (m leaf area) –2) (r2= 0.62). This covariance was largely a result of changes in leaf structure with canopy position; smaller thicker leaves occur at upper canopy positions in high-light environments. Mass-based expression of leaf nitrogen and dark respiration rate showed that nitrogen concentration (N mass, mg N (g leaf dry mass) –1) was only moderately predictive of variation in Rd, mass for all leaves pooled (r2 = 0.11), within species, or among species.  We found distinct elevational trends, with both Rd, mass and N mass higher in trees originating from high-elevation, cooler growth environments. Consideration of interspecies differences, vertical gradients in canopy light environment, and elevation, may improve our ability to scale leaf respiration to the canopy in forest process models.	1206 
Abbott, D. T., T. T. R. Seastedt, and J. D. A. Crossley	1980	The abundance, distribution and effects of clear-cutting on Cryptostigmata in the southern Appalachians	Environmental Entomology 9: 618-623	Oribatid mites were sampled from deep soil, soil cores, litter bags, and woody litter on a clearcut and adjacent control hardwood watershed at Coweeta. The inclusion of woody litter and deep soil samples caused the total number of genera found to reach 72, as opposed to the 37-42 genera range reported in other studies. The more common genera were assigned to three habitat types based on stratification data. The fauna was similar to those of other holarctic study sites. Sampling a greater variety of habitat types yielded a richer fauna than intensive sampling of a few habitat types. Clearcutting caused a reduction in numbers and a shift in faunal dominance. This effect is attributed to temperature-humidity phenomena rather than to food availability. 	1205 
Abbott, D. T.	1980	Woody litter decomposition at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carloina	Ph.D dissertation.  136p. Athens, GA 	None 	1204 
Abbott, D. T., and D. A. Crossley, Jr.	1982	Woody litter decomposition following clear-cutting	Ecology 63: 35-42	Unconfined Quercus prinus woody litter of three size classes (0-1, 1-3, and 3-5 cm diameter) was placed on forest floors of a control hardwood watershed and on mesic and xeric sites of a clear-cut watershed at Coweeta.  Exponential decay coefficients for mass loss on the control were .1524, .1728, and .0912 /yr for 0-1, 1-3, and 3-5 cm branches, respectively. Coefficients for 0-1, 1-3, and 3-5 cm branches were .1752, .0756, and .1644 /yr on the mesic site and .0456, .0948, and .0377 /yr on the xeric site. The effect of site differences on decomposition rate was greater than the effect of diameter, although an inverse relationship between diameter and decay coefficient is suggested. Time in the field, temperature, moisture, and microarthropod abundance also appeared to influence decomposition rate. 	1203 
Adler, R. C.	1988	Intervention analysis of the impact of forestharvesting on streamflow at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina	M.S. thesis. Boston University, Boston, MA. 209 p.	None 	1202 
Anderson, M., reviewer	1989	Forest hydrology and ecology at Coweeta	Forestry 62(2)	A review of the Coweeta Symposium volume. 	1201 
Andrew, T. L.	1983	Methionine degradation in forest soils	M.S.  thesis. University of Georgia, Athens,GA. 88 p.	None 	1200 
April, R., and D. Keller	1990	Mineralogy of the rhizosphere in forestsoils of the eastern United States	Biogeochemistry 9: 1-18	Chemical and mineralogical studies of forest soils from six sites in the northeastern and southeastern United States, including the two Integrated Forestsites at Coweeta, indicate that soil in the immediate vicinity of roots show marked differences in physical characteristics, mineralogy and weathering compared to the bulk of the forest soil.  Mineral grains are affected mechanically, chemically and mineralogically by the invading root bodies.  The edges of mineral grains abutting root surfaces were significantly more fractured.  Chemical interactions between roots and minerals included precipitation of amorphous aluminum oxides, opaline and amorphous silica, and calcium oxalate within the cells of mature roots and possible preferential dissolution of mineral grains adjacent to root bodies. 	1199 
Apsley, D. K.	1987	Growth interactions and comparative water relations of Liriodendron tulipifera L. and Robinia pseudoacacia L.	M.S. thesis. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.  83 p.	None 	1198 
Autry, A., and J. Fitzgerald	1990	Sulfonate-S a major form of forest soil organic sulfur	Biology and Fertility of Soil 10: 50-56	Several forests of varying elevations, soils, and vegetation were studied to evaluate the relative importance of sulfonate S, amino S, and ester sulfate as constituents of soil organic S.  Sulfonate S exceeded 40% of total S in O1 horizon of all but one site examined, and comprised at least 50% of total S in the O2 horizons of 14 out 18 study sites.  Sulfonate pool sizes, on a percentage basis, tended to decrease with increasing sample depth within the mineral horizons, but sulfonate S was still a major form of organic S in the C horizon.  Amino-acid S pool sizes were lower than those for sulfonate and decreased with increasing depth at all but one site.  Ester sulfate pool sizes were generally less than those of sulfonate S and greater than those of amino-acid S in the O1, O2, and A horizons.  In the intermediate and lowest soil horizons, ester sulfate levels exceeded those for sulfonate S in half the sites.  Thus, sulfonate S is a major form of organic S in forest soils, irrespective of depth. 	1197 
Autry, A. R., J. W. Fitzgerald, and P. R. Caldwell	1990	Sulfur fractions and retention mechanisms in forest soils	Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20: 337-342	Organic S was found to constitute over 78% of total S in the uppermost mineral(0-20 cm; A,E) horizons.  Several forests of varying elevation, vegetation, location, and soil type were considered. Organic S exceeded 65% of total S inall but one site for both intermediate (20-40 cm; primarily A/B) and deeper (40+cm; B,C) horizons.  In almost all cases, the adsorbed sulfate anion constituted substantially less of the total S than did organic S. Carbon-bonded S was themost prevalent form of organic S for most sites at all depths.  Adsorbed estersulfate, recovered by extraction with basic phosphate, generally constituted a substantial portion of the adsorbed S pool for both O1 and O2 components of the forest floor and for the uppermost mineral horizon of most sites.  This trend did not hold true with increasing depth. Because organic S was the dominant form of S, irrespective of horizon, the data suggest that organosulfur formation, not sulfate adsorption, may represent the primary mechanism for S retention in forest soil. 	1196 
Autry, A. R., and J. W. Fitzgerald	1991	Organosulfur formation and mineralization dynamics in forest soils	Pages Chp. 3 in D. W. Johnson and S. E. Lindberg, editor. Atmospheric Deposition and Nutrient Cycling in Forest Ecosystems.  Springer-Verlag, New York.	None 	1195 
Autry, A. R., and J. W. Fitzgerald	1991	Organosulfur formation in forest soils: site comparison of kinetic parameters.	Soil Biology and Biochemistry 23(7): 689-693.	Soil samples were collected at various depths in forested sites that should have different sulfate deposition histories.  Saturation potentials, based on the Vmax for SO4-S incorporation into organic matter, were found to decrease with increasing depth in 8 out of 12 sites. Estimation of the SO4-S concentration required to saturate a given horizon was made and, irrespective of depth, a forest located near a coal-fired power plant was the most saturated whereas samples from forests located in relatively non-polluted areas were generally the least saturated.  This latter parameter was found to decrease with increasing depth in 6 out of 12 sites.  Turnover times for the recently-formed organic S exceeded 103 h in approximately half of the sites at all soil horizons.  These results indicate that no significant change in the recalcitrance of the newly-formed organic S occurred with increasing depth. 	1194 
Autry, A. R., and J. W. Fitzgerald	1991	Potential for organic sufur accumulation in a variety of forest soils at saturating concentrations of sulfate.	Biology Fertility of Soils 10: 281- 284.	Increasing the sulfate concentration and concomitant increases in the organic S concentration failed to exert any effect on organic S mobilization in samples collected from all depths within the mineral soil profile, from 15 sites differing in soil type, vegetation, and geographic location.  Mobilization capacities at saturating concentrations of sulfate for organic S formation generally tended to increase with increasing depth.  The potentials for the accumulation of organic S with various sulfate inputs exhibited saturation kinetics similar to those observed for organic S formation; values for the former parameter ranged from 3x10-3 to 12.6 þmol S g-1 dry weight 24 h-1 for the uppermost (A, E) soil horizons, 3 nmol to 10þmol S g-1 dry weight 24 h-1 for intermediate (primarily AB) soil horizons,  and from 3 nmol to 13.4þmol S g-1 dry weight 24 h-1 intermediate (primarily AB) soil horizons, for the lowermost (B,C) soil horizons.  Irrespective of depth, the Fullerton, Tarklin, and Loblolly sites in Tennessee and the Florida site showed the least net accumulation of organic S at saturation (<0.2 þmol S g-1 dry weight 24 h-1 for all horizons examined), while the Duke Forest (North Carolina), Douglas Fir (Washington), Whiteface (New York) and the Howland (Maine) sites had the highest potential net accumulation of organic S at saturation (>1.0 þmol S g-1 dry weight 24 h-1 for most horizons examined). 	1193 
Autry, A., and J. Fitzgerald	1991	Determination of kinetic parameters for  sulfur processing potentials: verification of the constant specific  activity approach. 	(Short communication). Soil Biology and Biochemistry 23(10): 1003-1004.	A modification of the "heterotrophic activity method" of Wright and Hobbie (1966) was used to determine kinetic parameters for organic S formation and sulfate adsorption by forest soil. Kinetic parameters for sulfate adsorption, including saturation potentials and the concentration of added sulfate yielding saturation, can be determined by visual inspection of the saturation curves. Samples were collected from the A, B, BC, and C horizons of an eastern white pine forest (Watershed 1) located at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. 	1192 
Autry, A. R., and J. W. Fitzgerald	1993	Relationship between microbial activity, biomass and organosulfur formation in forest soil.	Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25(1): 33-39.	The capacity to form organic S was detained for microorganisms present in soil samples collected from different depths of an eastern white pine forest.  Inhibitors of eukaryotes (cycloheximide and amphotericin B), gram-negative prokaryotes (polmyxin B), and aerobically-respiring prokaryotes and eukaryotes (sodium azide) were used to assess the relative contribution of each group to organosulfur formation over a wide range of added sulfate.  Values for microbial biomass (direct counts and ATP content) and activity (soil respiration) were estimated and correlated with organosufur formation  potentials at various soil depths.  Most of this latter activity, regardless of concentration of added sulfate, was mediated by aerobically respiring prokaryotes.  In each horizon, however, increasing concentrations of sulfate induced a shift in the physiological types of microbial populations responsible for organic S samples collected from each horizon. ATP pool sizes and native soil respiration rates exhibited positive saturating concentration of sulfate (r=0.79, 0.72, respectively) were employed, separately.  amounts of added sulfate also had a positive effect on soil respiration rates (P<0.0001).  Collectively, the data suggest that exposure to sulfate stimulated endogenous aerobic respiration, generating ATP, that was used in part to form organic S. 	1191 
Baker, T. T.	1994	The Influence of Rhododendron Maximum on species richness in the riparian ecosystem of Wine Spring Creek.	M.S.  thesis. Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina. 93 p.	None 	1190 
Barrett, J. C., and G. D. Grossman	1988	Effects of direct current electrofishing on the mottled sculpin	North American Journal of Fisheries Management 8: 112-116.	The effects of electrofishing on the survival of mottled sculpin Cottus bairdi were examined. Three tanks each were filled with mottled sculpin collected by electrofishing (treatment) and kick-seining (control), were maintained for at least 30 d and all deaths recorded. Patterns of survival were not significantly different among tanks between all control tanks versus all treatment tanks. Failure to demonstrate a treatment effect in either experiment suggests that electrofishing does not adversely affect the short-term survival of mottled sculpin; a similar result was obtained for several other stream fishes. To test the effects of multiple electrofishing exposures, we conducted another experiment in four artificial stream sections. Treatment mottled sculpin were shocked, and both treatment and control fish were handled, weekly, for 5 weeks. Although overall survival in all stream sections was lower than that seen in the first experiment, there were no significant differences in survival among sections or between treatments in this experiment. These data suggest that handling stress was a greater determinant of mortality rates than was electrofishing. 	1188 
Barrett, J.	1988	Effects of competition and resource availability on behavior, microhabitat use and distribution of the mottled sculpin Cottus bairdi.	Ph. D Dissertation. University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.	None 	1187 
Barten, P. K., reviewer	1989	Forest hydrology and ecology at Coweeta.	American Scientist 78: 64.	A review of the Coweeta Symposium volume. 	1185 
Benfield, E. F., and J. R. Webster	1985	Shredder abundance and leaf breakdown in an Appalachian Mountain stream.	Freshwater Biology 15: 113-120.	Breakdown rates of dogwood, red maple and white oak leaves were investigated at two first-order and two second-order sites in an Appalachian Mountain stream. Leaves exposed in mesh bags were sampled on eight occasions over a 207-day period and breakdown rates were compared using an exponential decay model. There was a consistent ranking in leaf breakdown rate within each site, i.e., dogwood > red maple > white oak, and all species broke down faster at second-order than at first-order sites. Our data suggest that differences in species-specific leaf breakdown rates were largely a function of shredder abundance on the leaves. 	1184 
Benfield, E. F., and J. R. Webster	1991	Effects of forest disturbance on leaf breakdown in southern Appalachian streams.	Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinlgung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Linmonogie 24: 1678-1690.	Breakdown rates of four species of forest leaves were measured in streams at Coweeta draining logged and mature forested watersheds.  Leaves were selected to range from those that breakdown rapidly (dogwood) to those that are resistant (rhododendron).  Breakdown rates fit an exponential model of time and were generally faster in streams draining disturbed areas.  Differences may be due to greater movement and abrasive action or to higher biological activity in the steams draining logged areas. 	1183 
Benke, A. C., and J. B. Wallace	1980	Trophic basis of production among net-spinning caddisflies in a southern Appalachian stream.	Ecology 61: 108-118.	Life histories and annual production were determined for six species of net-spinning caddisflies in a headwater stream of the Tallulah River in north Georgia. Five species in the family Hydropsychidae were univoltine, whereas the sixth, a member of the Philopotamidae, had at least two generations per year. Seventy-five percent of the annual production was concentrated in the two largest species, Arctopsyche irrorata and Parapsyche cardis. Analysis of gut contents indicated that detritus was the most important food source. However, almost 80 percent of all caddisfly production was attributed to animal food. Net-spinning caddisfly production in this mountain stream appears to be limited by the amount of high-quality food available in the seston. 	1182 
Berglund, E. R.	1989	Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta. 	reviewer. Water Resources Bulletin 25(2): 455-458.	A review of the Coweeta Symposium volume. 	1181 
Berish, C. W., and H. L. Ragsdale	1986	Metals in low-elevation, Southern Appalachian forest floor and soil.	Journal of Environmental Quality 15(2): 183-187.	Concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn in southern Appalachian soils from two 90-yr-old forests were determined by three extraction methods. Total soil Ca, K, Mg, and Mn pools were two or more orders of magnitude greater than trace metal pools. Fractions of the total metal pools that were readily and potentially available generally decreased in depth. Litter and humus trace metal concentrations of two low elevation watersheds in the Coweeta Basin contain lower concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Pb than commonly reported for the northeastern USA. The largest trace metal pool in forest floor litter and humus was lead. 	1179 
Biever, L. J.	1982	The role of mycorrhizal fungi in ecosystem energetics.	Ph.D. dissertation. University of Georgia, Athens, GA. 158p.	None 	1175 
Blair, J. M.	1987	Litter decomposition, nutrient dynamics and litter microarthropods on a clearcut and reference watershed at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in the Southern Appalachians.	Ph.D. dissertation. University of Georgia, Athens, GA. 117p.	None 	1170 
Blair, J. M.	1988	Nutrient release from decomposing foliar litter of three tree species with special reference to calcium, magnesium and potassium dynamics.	Plant and Soil 110: 49-55.	Calcium, magnesium and potassium dynamics in decomposing litter of three tree species were measured over a two-year period. The species studied were flowering dogwood, red maple and chestnut oak. The order of decomposition was: C. florida > A. rubrum > Q. prinus. Calcium concentrations increased following initial leaching losses. There were net releases of Ca from all three litters since mass loss exceeded increases in concentration. Net release of Ca by the end of two years was 42% of initial inputs in litterfall. Magnesium concentrations increased in the second year, following decreases due to leaching during the first year. Net release of Mg by the end of two years was 58% of initial inputs.  Potassium concentrations decreased rapidly and continued to decline throughout the study. Net release of K by the end of two years was 91% of initial inputs. These and similar data on N, S and P dynamics were combined with annual litterfall data to estimate the release of nutrients from litter at the end of one and two years of decomposition. The relative mobility of all six elements in relation to mass loss after two years was K > Mg > mass > Ca > S > P > N. 	1169 
Blair, J. M.	1988	Nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus dynamics in decomposing deciduous leaf litter in the Southern Appalachians.	Soil Biology and Biochemistry 20(5): 693-701.	The decomposition rates and N, S and P dynamics of flowering dogwood, red maple and chestnut oak litter were examined during 2 years in a mixed deciduous forest. Litter of flowering dogwood decomposed the fastest and chestnut oak the slowest. Initial mass losses (first 6 months) were most highly positively correlated with concentrations of ethanol-soluble and total soluble components. First-year annual decay rates were most highly negatively correlated with initial % lignin and lignin-to-N ratios. Second-year decay rates were significantly slower than first-year rates for flowering dogwood and red maple litter, but not for chestnut oak.  Relative concentrations of N, S and P increased during the decomposition of each litter type. Nitrogen release began when C-to-N ratios decreased to between 25 and 34. Patterns of P and S fluxes varied more among litter types. Only dogwood litter appeared to release P by the end of the study.  Flowering dogwood litter also had a low initial C-to-S ratio and displayed an immediate net release of S which continued throughout the study. The other litter types, which had higher initial C-to-S ratios, immobilized S throughout the study.	1168 
Blair, J. M., and D. A. Crossley, Jr.	1988	Litter decomposition, nitrogen dynamics and litter microarthropods in a Southern Appalachian hardwood forest 8 years following clearcutting.	Journal of Applied Ecology 25: 683-698.	Litter decomposition rates, nitrogen dynamics and litter microarthropods on xeric slopes of a watershed 8 years after clearcutting (WS 7) and on an adjacent reference watershed (WS 2) at Coweeta were measured using litterbags containing Cornus florida L., Acer rubrum L. and Quercus prinus L. Results from this study were compared with those for earlier studies to assess the longer-term changes induced by canopy removal.  Reduced litter decomposition rates and net immobilization of nitrogen in litter substrates were associated with clearcutting. Mean annual densities of total litter microarthropods remained 28% lower on WS 7 than on WS 2, 8 years after cutting; clearcutting initially reduced mean annual densities of litter microarthropods by >50%. Relative abundances of major groups were altered. Mesostigmata and Oribatei densities averaged 50 and 54% lower, respectively, than on WS 2. Prostigmata and Collembola densities averaged 20 and 24% lower, respectively, than on WS 2. Changes in litter decomposition rates and nitrogen dynamics were consistent with lower microarthropod densities. Results of this study differ from those at northern hardwood forest sites where clearcutting caused increased decomposition rates, thus generalizations from northern hardwood forests may not apply to other regions. 	1167 
Blair, J. M., D. A. Crossley, Jr., and S. Rider	1989	Effects of naphthalene on microbial activity and nitrogen pools in soil-litter microcosms.	Soil Biology and Biochemistry 21(4): 507-510.	Results suggest that naphthalene may directly affect microbial populations and activity and alter nitrogen dynamics and that caution should be used in interpreting results of field studies using naphthalene to exclude microarthropods.  Naphthalene was applied three times during a 56 day study of microbial respiration, numbers of bacteria and fungi, and litter and soil nitrogen pools in litter-soil microcosms containing microbes but no mesofauna. Total respiration was unaffected by the first application of naphthalene, but increased upon subsequent applications. Bacteria and fungi in the litter and soil were quantified separately. Numbers of bacteria were significantly higher in both litter and soil of naphthalene-treated microcosms. Lengths of total and FDA-active fungal hyphae in the litter and soil, respectively, were significantly lower in the naphthalene treatment. Mass loss of litter was not affected. Both the final concentration and absolute amount of N in the litter were reduced by naphthalene, as was soil extractable NH4-N and NO3- + NO2-N. 	1166 
Blair, J. M., R. W. Parmelee, and M. H. Beare	1990	Decay rates, nitrogen fluxes, and decomposer communities of single- and mixed-species foliar litter.	Ecology 71(5): 1976-1985.	Decomposition rates, N fluxes, and abundances of decomposer organisms were quantified in mixed-species litterbags (containing leaves of Acer rubrum, Cornusflorida, and Quercus prinus) and in single species litterbags.  Single-species litterbags were used to generate predicted decay rates, N fluxes, and abundances of decomposer organisms for mixed-species litterbags. Observed values from mixed bags were compared with predicted to determine if interaction effects occurred.  Decay rates of mixed species litterbags during the 1-yr study were not significantly different than predicted from decay rates of individual component species. However, there were significant interaction effects on N fluxes and abundances of decomposer organisms. For example, estimates of ecosystem-level N fluxes, based on data from single-species litterbags, resulted in a 64% underestimate of N released by day 75 and a 183% overestimate of N accumulated in the litter by day 375. The deviation of observed N fluxes from predicted may be the result of differences in the decomposer community. 	1165 
Blair, J. M., D. Crossley, Jr., and L. C. Callaham	1991	A litterbasket technique for measurement of nutrient dynamics in forest floors.	Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment 34: 465-471.	This describes a litterbasket technique for quantifying decomposition and changes in litter and forest floor nutrient pools over time. Litterbaskets are constructed of wire cloth, 10x10x10 cm. Intact cores, removed from forest floors,  are separated into individual strata (litter layer, F-layer, soil) with plastic window screen. The core is reassembled in the litterbasket, which is replaced in the hole from which the core was removed. Pre-weighed aliquots of experimental substrates can replace the litter layer.  The advantages of the litterbasket method include: (1) improved microclimatic exposure relative to litter enclosed in litterbags; (2) opportunity to input exogenous radioactive or stable isotopetracers; (3) quantification of changes in nutrient contents in the various layers of the forest floor over time; (4) easy extraction of invertebrates and quantification of microbial populations from individual horizons; (5) the ability to quantify the movement of radioactive or stable tracers from litter through the forest floor profile over time. 	1164 
Blair, J. M., D. A. Crossley Jr., and L. C. Callaham	1992	Effects of litter quality and microarthropods on N-dynamics and retention of exogenous N-15 in decomposing litter.	Biol. Fert.  Soils 12: 241-252.	Surface additions of (15NH4)2SO4 were used to measure the immobilization an subsequent movement of exogenous N added to two litter types of contrasting quality (Cornus florida and Quercus prinus).  Litterbaskets were used to measure the litter mass loss and N dynamics and to follow the movement of the 15N label through litter, F layer, and soil pools.  Half of the litterbaskets of each species were treated with naphthalene to reduce microarthropod densities.  The faster decomposing C. florida litter maintained a higher excess atom % 15N , and a greater relative concentration of the labeled input (þg15Ng-1) than did Q. prinus litter.  In both litter types the excess atom % 15N, relative concentration (þg15Ng-1), and absolute amount of label recovered in the litter declined over time.  This occurred during a period of net accumulation of total litter N, implying simultaneous release of the initial input and immobilization of N from other sources.  The concentration of 15N in the soil increased over time, while the f layer apparently acted as an intermediary in the transfer of 15N from litter to soil.  Naphthalene effectively reduced microarthrop numbers in all horizons of the litterbaskets and significantly reduced the decay rates of Q. prinus, but not C.  florida litter.  Naphthalene did not appear to affect total n dynamics in the litter.  However, with all horizons taken together, the naphthalene-treated litterbaskets retained more total 15N than the control litterbaskets.  Naphthalene also changed the vertical distribution o 15N within litterbaskets, so that the litter retained less of the 15N-label input and the F layer and soil horizons retained more of the labeled input than in control litterbaskets.  Our major conclusions are: (1) the N pool of decomposing litter is dynamic, with simultaneous N release and immobilization activating N turnover even during the net accumulation phase; (2) litter quality is an important determinant of immobilization and retention of exogenous N inputs and, therefore, turnover of the litter N pool; and (3) microarthropod activity can significantly affect the incorporation and retention of exogenous N inputs in decomposing litter, although these changes are apparently not reflected in net N  accumulation or release during the 1st year of decomposition.  However, the naphthalene may have affected microbially mediated N dynamics and this possibility needs to be considered in interpreting the results. 	1163 
Blanton, C. M.	1989	Canopy arthropod communities in the Southern Appalachians: impacts of forest management and drought.	Ph.D.  dissertation. University of Georgia, Athens, GA. 167 p.	None 	1162 
Blood, E. R., W. T. Swank, and T. Williams	1989	Precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow chemistry in a coastal loblolly pine stand.	Freshwater wetlands and wildlife: DOE Symposium Series No. 61 [CONF-8603101] 1986 March 24-27. Charleston, SC. USDOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Oak Ridge, TN.	Precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow quantities and chemistry were characterized in a 20-year-old loblolly pine stand at North Inlet, South Carolina over a 20-month period.  Throughfall and stemflow water fluxes were 73 and 8% of 178 cm rainfall; canopy loss was 19%. Site precipitation chemistry is strongly influenced by prevailing winds from the ocean or nearby industries.  High concentrations of Na and Cl were associated with winter and spring frontal storms and SO4 with summer thunderstorms.  Sulfate, Cl, Na, K, Ca, and Mg enriched water passing through the canopy.  At least 26% of the cation leaching in throughfall can be accounted for by hydrogen exchange with the canopy.  Nitrate-nitrite, NH4, and total nitrogen were depleted in throughfall while PO4 and total P fluxes were unchanged. Stemflow was significant in delivery of nutrients to the forest floor and accounted for 13 to 20% of the total flux for all constituents except NO3-NO2 and total P (4 and 8%). Temporal patterns of nutrient fluxes suggest dry deposition is an important process of nutrient input to the ecosystem. 	1161 
Boring, L. R., C. D. Monk, and W. T. Swank	1981	Early regeneration of a clear-cut Southern Appalachian forest. 	Ecology 62: 1244-1253.	The components of hardwood forest regeneration on a southern Appalachian watershed were assessed during the first year following clear-cutting. First-year net primary production (NPP) on the clear-cut was 22 percent of that of a nearby undisturbed hardwood forest.  First-year nutrient pools in NPP for N, P, K, Mg, and Ca were estimated at 29 to 44 percent of those in the NPP of the control. The greatest NPP and nutrient pools were represented in descending order by hardwood sprouts, herbs, vines, and seedlings.  The woody successional species had higher tissue concentrations of N and P than most other woody species.  Herbs as a group had significantly higher foliar concentrations of K than woody species. Woody successional and herbaceous species collectively had higher biomass and elemental pools than other woody species.  Following forest disturbance, these fast-growing species conserve substantial pools of nutrients in their biomass and initiate a rapid recovery of forest elemental cycling processes. 	1159 
Boring, L. R.	1982	The role of black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia L.) in forest regeneration and nitrogen fixation in the southern Appalachians.	Ph.D. dissertation. University of Georgia, Athens, GA. 173p.	None 	1158 
Boring, L. R., and W. T. Swank	1984	Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in regenerating black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia L.) stands.	Forest Science 30(2): 528-537.	Black locust is a dominant early successional tree in the Southern Appalachians that symbiotically fixes N, grows rapidly, and has a relatively short life span. Objectives of this research were to study seasonal patterns of nodule biomass and N-fixation activity in 4-year-old black locust stands over the span of one year, and to determine the importance of symbiotic N fixation as an input to a regenerating forest. 	1157 
Boring, L., and W. Swank	1984	The role of black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia) in forest succession.	Journal of Ecology 72: 749-766.	Early forest regeneration in Southern Appalachian hardwood forests is dominated by the woody nitrogen-fixing legume, black locust. It is most prevalent on clear-felled areas, abandoned pastures, disturbed roadsides, and historically may have been an important colonizer of burned sites. It commonly reproduces from seed, but sprouting from stumps and roots is the most prevalent means of regeneration with rapid early growth, attaining heights up to 8 m in 3 years. Except for stands on high-nutrient sites, growth decreases after 10-20 years. In less vigorous stands, stem mortality may be high due to attacks by the locust stem borer. The high mortality of black locust is an early successional mechanism that releases codominant species such as Liriodendron, and creates canopy gaps favorable for growth of longer-lived individuals.  Patterns of N accretion are similar to those for other woody nitrogen-fixing species with peak N fixation occurring in early to intermediate stages of forest succession, and declining with later successional development. 	1156 
Boring, L. R., and W. T. Swank	1986	Hardwood biomass and net primary production following clearcutting in the Coweeta Basin.	Proceedings of the 1986 Southern Forest Biomass Workshop. 1986 June 16-19. Knoxville, TN. Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris, TN.	A watershed at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory was clearcut in 1977 as part of an interdisciplinary study of the physical, chemical and biological effects of logging by cable-yarding upon both terrestrial and aquatic components of the hardwood forest ecosystem. This paper compares species composition, leaf area index, biomass, and net primary production across sites and over the first 8 years of regrowth with values for an adjacent, uneven-aged, mixed hardwood forest. Vegetation influences upon nutrient cycling processes are briefly discussed. 	1155 
Boring, L. R., W. T. Swank, and C. D. Monk	1988	Dynamics of early successional forest structure and processes in the Coweeta basin.	Pages 161-179 in W. T. Swank and D. A. Crossley, Jr., editor. Forest hydrology and ecology at Coweeta. Ecological Studies. Springer-Verlag, New York.	A hardwood forested watershed at Coweeta was clearcut as part of an interdisciplinary study of the physical, chemical, and biological effects on both terrestrial and aquatic components of the ecosystem. Specific objectives were: (1) to examine differences in forest regeneration trends among former cove, chestnut oak, and xeric scarlet oak-pine sites; (2) to compare species composition, leaf area index, biomass, net primary production, nutrient uptake, and nutrient accretion over the first 3 years of regeneration with values for an adjacent, uneven-aged, mixed hardwood forest; and (3) to relate regeneration of forest structure to fundamental ecosystem processes of nutrient uptake, immobilization, and transfers. 	1154 
Boring, L. R., W. T. Swank, J. B. Waide, and G. S. Henderson	1988	 Sources, fates, and impacts of nitrogen inputs to terrestrial ecosystems: review and synthesis.	Biogeochemistry 6: 119-159.	Rates of both symbiotic and nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation appear to be greater during early successional stages of forest development and have major impacts on nitrogen dynamics and ecosystem productivity. Fates and impacts of these nitrogen inputs are important considerations that are inadequately understood. The relative importance of nitrogen inputs from atmospheric deposition and biological fixation is reviewed for non-agricultural terrestrial ecosystems. Bulk precipitation inputs of N are the same order of magnitude or larger than the inputs from nonsymbiotic fixation, especially in areas influenced by industrial activity. Bulk precipitation measurements may underestimate total atmospheric deposition by 30-40% because they generally do not include all forms of wet and dry deposition. Symbiotic fixation generally ranges from 10-160 kg N/ha/yr in ecosystems where N-fixing species are present during early successional stages. These input processes are highly variable in space and time. Specific needs for comparative information on both nitrogen deposition and fixation are suggested. 	1153 
Brannan, J. R., J. A. Reneke, and J. Waide	1984	A diffusion model of forest succession.	Mathematical Biosciences 69: 131-149.	Based on a tree by tree replacement mechanism, a diffusion model of forest stand canopy composition is formulated and analyzed. The model is used to explore composition dichotomies by estimating coefficients from forest stand data and interpreting the results in terms of mechanisms for succession. The model yields a concrete characterization of the succession phenomenon known as the climax state. 	1151 
Britton, K., W. Pepper, D. Loftis, and D. Chellemi	1994	Effect of timber harvest practices on populations of Cornus florida and severity of  dogwood anthracnose in western North Carolina.	Plant Disease 78(4): 398-402.	Stand composition and severity of dogwood anthracnose, caused by Discula destructiva, were measured on 39 plots located at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in western North Carolina.  The 0.08-ha plots were selected along transects across watersheds previously clearcut, partially harvested, or not harvested. Basal diameter, percent leaf area with dogwood anthracnose symptoms, and percent branch dieback were estimated for Cornus florida. Dogwood anthracnose was most severe on partially harvested watersheds and least severe on the clearcut watershed. Density of C. florida was greatest on the clearcut watershed, and the number of dogwood stems was inversely correlated (r=-0.31, P=0.05) with disease severity.  Dogwood basal area, species importance value, and stand basal area were not significantly affected by harvest treatment and were not correlated with disease severity. In a second study, anthracnose severity was rated in 21 plots of yellow poplar near Asheville, North Carolina, that had been thinned to varying densities in the early 1960s. Among these 0.1-ha plots, thinning intensity did not affect disease severity.  Disease severity was inversely related to dogwood size. 	1148 
Brown, J. D.	1985	Growth and nutrient uptake responses to changing nutrients by plant species from a Southern Appalachian succession.	M.S. thesis. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.  123 p.	None 	1146 
Bruce, R. C.	1988	Life history variation in the salamander Desmognathus quadramaculatus.	Herpetologica 44(2): 218-227.	Age at metamorphosis and age at first reproduction were studied in three populations of Desmognathus quadramaculatus in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains of southwestern North Carolina. Four age classes of larvae were identified in all three populations through the analysis of size distributions.  The frequency of early metamorphosis at 3 yr. or even 2 yr.  varied considerably among the populations. This variation was reflected in the size distributions of both larvae and post-metamorphic juveniles. The minimum age at first reproduction was estimated to be 6 yr. in males and 7 yr. in females in all three populations. Age at metamorphosis and age at first reproduction probably vary independently in D.  quadramaculatus. It appears that interspecific variation in adult body size in the genus Desmognathus is correlated positively with age at first reproduction and may not reflect variation in growth rates. 	1145 
Bruce, R. C., and N. G. Hairston, Sr.	1990	Life-history correlates ofbody-size differences between two populations of the salamander, Desmognathusmonticola.	Journal of Herpetology 24(2): 124-134.	Samples were compared of Desmognathus monticola taken independently at two nearby localities in southwestern North Carolina. Larger adult body sizes are attained by both sexes at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in the Nantahala Mountains than at Wolf Creek in the Coweeta Mountains. The juvenile period appears to be longer in the former population, resulting in larger sizes at maturation in both males and females. The proportion of older males is greater at Coweeta than at Wolf Creek, suggesting higher male survival in the former population. Clutch sizes are lower at Coweeta than at Wolf Creek, even though Coweeta females are larger. This suggests that the population differences in body size may represent differences in age at maturation rather than differences in growth rates. The pattern of variation in life history parameters suggests that extrinsic survival probabilities differ between the sites, with Coweeta representing a safer environment for D. monticola than Wolf Creek. 	1144 
Bryan, D. S.	1994	Factors controlling the occurrence and distribution  of hematite and goethite in soils and saprolites derived from schists and  gneisses in western North Carolina.	M.S. thesis. Michigan State  University, East Lansing, MI. 125 p.	None 	1143 
Burnash, R. J. C., reviewer	1988	Forest hydrology and ecology at Coweeta, Ecological Studies Volume 66.	Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 69(11): 1357-1358.	A review of the Coweeta Symposium volume. 	1141 
Burt, T. P., reviewer	1989	Forest hydrology and ecology at Coweeta.	Hydrological Processes 3: 289-293.	A review of the Coweeta Symposium volume. 	1140 
Burt, T. P., and W. T. Swank	1992	Flow frequency responses to hardwood-to-grass conversion and subsequent succession.	Hydrological Processes 6(2): 179-188.	A 8-9 ha (22 acre) catchment at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in western North Carolina was cleared of hardwood forest in 1958 and 1959 and seeded to Kentucky 31 fescue grass in 1959 and 1960.  Grass production was high in years when fertilizer was applies and water was very similar to that expected from the original forest cover.  As grass production declined, so water yields rose, with important increases in the magnitude of both low frequency flows and, particularly, in baseflow.  In 1967 and 1968, when all vegetation was deadened in the catchment, the discharge levels in all flow frequency classes were higher.  Natural vegetation was then allowed and water yields gradually declined towards the expected level, although there remained a tendency for winter flows to remain higher, and for summer flows to be lower than expected.  This paper updated the earlier work of Hibbert (1969) and uses flow duration curves to extend his results	1139 
Bush, P. B., D. G. Neary, J. F. Dowd, D. C. Allison, and W. L.  Nutter	1986	Role of models in environmental impact assessment.	Proceedings of Southern Weed Science Society 39: 502-516.	The models CREAMS and PRZM were used to simulate pesticide movement from forested watersheds in the Upper Piedmont and the lower Appalachian Mountains. Comparison of CREAMS simulations with measured hexazinone loss from a treated watershed in the upper piedmont showed that CREAMS accurately predicted hexazinone concentrations for storm events up to 75 days after application. For storm events occurring between 75 and 270 days after application, CREAMS underpredicted storm hexazinone concentrations. Comparison of PRZM simulations with measured picloram movement in a treated, forested southern Appalachian watershed showed that PRZM accurately predicted subsurface picloram movement when site-modified runoff curve number, partition coefficient, and half-life were employed	1138 
Caldwell P. R.	1988	Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Sulfur in Forest Soils.	MS Thesis. University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.	None 	1137 
Chellemi, D. O., K. O. Britton, and W. T. Swank	1992	Influence of site factors on dogwood anthracnose in the Nantahala Mountain range of western North Carolina.	Plant Disease 76(9): 915-918	Sixty-five 0.08-ha plots located within the Nantahala Mountain range of western North Carolina were surveyed for dogwood anthracnose, caused by Discula destructiva.  The incidence of disease and disease severity (extent of foliar symptoms and limb dieback) within canopies of Cornus florida was determined for all trees with a diameter of 1.0 cm or greater at 1.37 m aboveground.  The incidence of dogwood anthracnose ranged from 53 to 100%; the severity of foliar symptoms, from 3 to 65%; and limb dieback, from 8 to 65%.  Plots were inventoried, and the relationship between dogwood anthracnose and 14 variables representing indices of host density, expressed in stems per hectare or importance value, respectively, and azimuth accounted for a significant portion of explainable variation in dogwood anthracnose.  Anthracnose was inversely related to absolute or relative measurements of host density.  Disease was greatest in northeast-facing plots and lowest in southwest-facing plots.  Elevation had a minor influence on disease incidence and limb dieback.  Geographic features, as described by the landform index, had a minor influence on disease incidence. 	1133 
Chellemi, D. O., and K. O. Britton	1992	Influence of canopy microclimate on incidence and severity of dogwood anthracnose.	Canadian Journal of Botany 70: 1093-1096.	Incidence and severity of dogwood anthracnose within the interior and exterior canopies of exposed and understory dogwood trees were recorded over a 53-day period during the summer of 1990. Concurrent measurements of vapor pressure deficit, air temperature, evaporative potential, and photosynthetically active radiation within the canopies were also recorded. Disease severity was significantly different among all canopy locations, with the lowest severity in exterior canopies of exposed trees and the greatest severity in canopies of understory trees.  Of the climatic variables measured, evaporative potential provided the most consistent contrast among microclimates at the various canopy locations.  Disease incidence and severity were greater in canopies associated with low levels of evaporative potential. 	1132 
Clark, S. H.	1990	A study of factors controlling the isotopic composition of water within a forested watershed.	M.S. thesis.  University of Georgia, Athens, GA. 98 p.	None 	1130 
Clinton, B. D.	1989	Characteristics of drought-induced canopy gaps and subsequent regeneration patterns in mixed-oak forests of the Coweeta Basin.	M.S. thesis. University of Georgia, Athens, GA. 126 p.	None 	1129 
Clinton, B., L.R. Boring	1993	Characteristics of canopy gaps and drought influences in oak forests of the Coweeta Basin.	Ecology 74(5): 1551-1558.	Canopy gaps in southern Appalachian mixed-Quercus forests were characterized to assess the impact of the 1985-88 record drought on patterns of tree mortality.  Among 1-5 year old gaps,  the most comon gap type as the 1-yr-old single tree snag, accounting for 49% of all gaps sampled; 65% of all gaps occurred within 2 yr of the drought peak.  Gap area ranged from 40 to 850 m^2, averaged 239 m^2, with a median of 152 m^2.  Rates of gap formation were 0.8 gaps/ha^-1/yr^-1 affecting 2.0% of the area in the Quercus forest type in 1988. The most frequent gap-forming species were red oak.  Evidence suggests that moisture stress brought on by severe drought increases the susceptibility of Quercus species to the shoe- string fungus Armillaria mellea. 	1128 
Clinton, B., J.J. Vose, and W.T. Swank	1993	Site preparation burning to improve southern Appalacian pine-hardwood stands: vegetation composition and diversity of 13-year-old stands.	Canadian Jounal of Forest Research 23: 2271-2277.	    Stand conversion through cutting and burning, and planting of Pinus strobus L., in low quality , mixed pine/hardwood ecosystems containing a Kalmia latifolia L. dominated understory, is a common prescription on xeric southern Appalachian forest sites.  Four 13-year-old stands were examined for the effects of this treatment on early vegetation composition and diversity.  Two of these stands were mechanically released at age 6.  Density and basal area were estimated for understory and overstory components and density and % cover for their herb component.  Species diversity (Shannon-Wiener Index) was estimated, and  comparisons were made between layers, sites, and treatments (release vs. non- release).  Diversity estimates were 3.19, 1.74, and 2.45 for the herb, shrub, and overstory layers, respectively, across all site treatments.  For perspective, comparisons were made with a reference stand typical of stands receiving site preparation burning in the southern Appalachians.  Overstory and herb diversity estimates were significantly lower for the reference stand compared to the same layers in the 13-year-old stands. 	1127 
Clinton, B. D., L. R. Boring, and W. T. Swank	1994	Regeneration patterns in canopy gaps of mixed-oak forests of the southern Appalachians:  influences of topographic position and evergreen understory.	American  Midland Naturalist 132: 308-319.	Canopy gaps in southern Appalachian forests were assessed for the effects of topographic, gap, and stand variables on density of woody seedlings. Density was significantly correlated with percent slope and gap age (1-5 yr), varied substantially among topographic positions, and increased with gap size. Species richness decreased over time and increased with gap size. Regeneration was dominated by Acer rubrum L.  Other species included Quercus coccinea Muench., Q. rubra L., Q. velutina Lamarck, Liriodendron tulipifera L., and Cornus florida L. Effects of the evergreen understory (Rhododendron maximum L. and Kalmia latifolia L.) were examined. Gaps containing over 50% cover of R. maximum had significantly lower densities than all other gaps, including gaps with >50% K. latifolia cover. Height distributions of regenerating species were skewed away from small (<15 cm) height classes.  Species establishment was a function of gap area, gap age, topographic position, and cover of R. maximum. In addition, species of varying degrees of tolerance of understory conditions are capable of establishment in small to medium size canopy openings in the absence of evergreen shrub understory. 	1126 
Clinton, B. D.	1995	Temporal variation in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in mesic Southern Appalachian hardwood forests with and without Rhododendron understories.	Pages 534-540 in K. W. Gottschalk and S. L. Fosbroke, editor.  Proceedings, 10th Central Hardwood Forest Conference. U.S.  Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1995 March 5-8; Morgantown, WV. Gen. Tech.  Rep. NE-197. Randor, PA.	Understanding spatial and temporal variation in the understory light regime of southern Appalachian forests is central to understanding regeneration patterns of overstory species. One of the important contributors to this variability is the distribution of evergreen shrub species, primarily Rhododendron maximum L. We measured photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the understory of closed forest canopies in areas with and without R. maximum. Measurements were taken from March through November 1993 with a frequency of approximately 3 weeks. In 1994 measurements resumed from March through May. PAR under sub-canopies of R. without R. maximum during the growing season, and 70% (e.g., 179 vs. 641 SmuSmol m_-2_s_-1_) lower in the dormant season. Variation in PAR during the growing season ranged from 73% to 86% lower in R. maximum versus non-R. maximum understories. During the growing season, light levels beneath Rhododendron were observed to be <2% of full sun. Low-light environments associated with R. maximum understories are extremely limiting with respect to regeneration of important hardwood species. 	1125 
Coleman, D. C., E. P. Odum, and D. A. Crossley Jr.	1992	Soil biology, soil ecology, and global change.	Biology and Fertility of Soils 14: 104-111.	This overview paper addesses aspects of scaling in space and time, and scaling in relation to micro- and macrohabitats. Ecological processes in soils are examined for possible generalizations about processes and organisms, across a wide range of different habitats.  Problems of scaling in space and time that have an important impact on processes associated with global change are outlined. 	1124 
Cosby, B., and G.M. Hornberger	1990	Calibration/validation of MAGIC for Coweeta watersheds:  Project AR51-015-C29 Competion Report.		The purpose of project AR51-015-C29 is to calibrate and validate MAGIC (Model of Acidification of Groundwater In Catchments) for Coweeta Watersheds 34 and 36. The intent is to demonstrate that MAGIC is capable of simulating surface chemistry at sites where high frequency data are available.  The results will be used to evaluate the application of MAGIC to NSS stream sites in the Southern Blue Ridge and in the mid-Appalachian region. 	1120 
Costa, J. T., III.	1988	A diel comparison of the structure and composition of canopy arthropod communities of three tree species in the Southern Appalachians.	M.S. thesis. University of Georgia, Athens, GA. 40 p.	None 	1119 
Costa, J. T. I., and J. D. A. Crossley	1991	Diel patterns of canopy arthropods associated with three tree species.	Environmental Entomology 20: 1542-1548.	Canopy arthropods on dogwood, red maple, and yellow poplar were bag-sampled during the day and night on six dates from July through September on Coweeta ws7.  Numbers of canopy arthropods taxa were similar both between and within tree species, as was relative taxon abundance.  However, there were substantial differences in faunal composition and weighted arthropod numbers between daytime and nighttime canopies. These data suggest that canopy foliage may support greater densities and kinds of arthropods than those priviously reported based on daytime sampling only.  Experimental designs that include diel sampling would provide a more complete assessment of the srtucture and composition on canopy communities. 	1118 
Coulson, R. N., E. J. Rykiel, and D. A. Crossley Jr.	1986	 Activities of insects in forests: Implications for Wilderness Area management.	Pages 115-119 in D. L. Kulhavy and R. N.  Conner, editor. Wilderness and Natural Areas in the Eastern United States: A management challenge . Center for Applied Studies, S. F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas.	Wilderness areas are unique forested ecosystems only in the sense that they were purposefully designated because of outstanding characteristics associated with the landscape. The persistence of these characteristics through space and time is influenced by the activities of insects and other arthropods.  We examine the roles of insects in forest ecosystems and interpret these roles in the context of basic principles of ecological succession, disturbances, and landscape properties.  In selecting sites for wilderness preservation, the size of the area, the type of forest ecosystem, and the disturbance regime must be considered because the interaction of these variables may indicate the need or management if the characteristics for which the area was set aside are to be preserved. 	1115 
Courtney, G. W.	1994	Biosystematics of the Nymphomyiidae (Insecta:Diptera): life history, morphology, and phylogenetic relationships.	Smithsonian contributions to zoology. no. 550.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 41 p.	The family Nymphomyiidae was redescribed using additional larval, pupal and adult characteristics. The revised family includes seven species, two of which are new. Nymphomyia dolichopeza is widespread and locally abundant in streams of the southern Blue Ridge Mountains, primarily in North Carolina and Georgia. World species of Nymphomyia are divided into two groups: (1) alba group (alba, levanidovae, and rohdendorfi; and (2) walkeri group (walkeri, dolichopeza, brundini, and holoptica). Keys to each life stage are provided. 	1114 
Crocker, M. A. T., Jr. 	1986	Interstitial dissolved organic carbon at aspring seep. 	M.S. thesis. University of Georgia, Athens, GA. 72 p.	None 	1112 
Crocker, M. T., and J. L. Meyer	1987	Interstitial dissolved organic carbon in sediments of a Southern Appalachian headwater stream.	Journal of the North American Benthological Society 6(3): 159-167.	Objectives were to compare seasonal and spatial patterns of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and interstitial DOC (IDOC) concentrations at a headwater spring seep, and to explore interactions between sediment organic matter content, benthic bacterial biomass, water column DOC concentration, and sediment IDOC concentration and composition. Sediment organic matter content, IDOC concentration, water column DOC concentration, and benthic bacterial biomass were measured in a spring seep at Coweeta for two years. Organic matter content was increased or decreased in experimental sediments, and variables measured within three weeks of sediment manipulation and again after five and a half months. Benthic bacterial production was measured one week after sediment manipulation.  Benthic organic matter is a source of IDOC, the concentration of which depends on sediment organic matter content, the relative proportion of high and low molecular weight IDOC compounds, and the exchange of interstitial and water column DOC. 	1111 
Crossley, D. A. J., and W. W. Hargrove	1988	Ecology of Forest Insects.	Quart. Rev. Biol. 63: 228.	None 	1098 
Crossley, D. A., Jr., C. S. Gist, W. W. Hargrove, L. S. Risley, T.  D. Schowalter, and T. R. Seastedt	1988	Foliage consumption and nutrient dynamics in canopy insects.	Pages 193-205 in W.  T. Swank and D. A. Crossley, Jr., editor. Forest hydrology and ecology at Coweeta. Ecological Studies. Springer-Verlag, New York.	Coweeta watersheds contain a varied and abundant fauna of insects, spiders, mites, and other invertebrates. Arthropods are usually inconspicuous, except when population excursions produce noticeable defoliation. Outbreaks of defoliating or wood-boring insect species clearly have an impact on the ecology of forested watersheds. Considerable information has been developed on the biology and ecology of economically important insect species. Much less is known about the ecology of economically unimportant insects, or even on the nonoutbreak phases of the important ones. This chapter characterizes feeding guilds of arthropods in forest canopies and uses guilds to describe between-tree and between-watershed variations in arthropod biomasses and standing crops of nutrients. Analysis of leaf area removed by insect feeding is a means of estimating herbivory. 	1097 
Crossley, D. A. J., D. C. Coleman, P. F. Hendrix, W. Cheng, D. H.  Wright, M. H. Beare, and C. A. Edwards	1991	Modern techniques in soil ecology.	Elsivier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. 510.	None 	1096 
Crossley, D. A. J., and John Blair	1991	A high-efficiency, "low- technology" Tullgren-type extractor for soil microarthropods. 	Agric., Ecos. and Environ. 34: 187-192.	None 	1095 
Cuffney, T. F., J. B. Wallace, and J. R. Webster	1984	Pesticide manipulation of a headwater stream: invertebrate responses and their significance for ecosystem processes.	Freshwater Invertebrate Biology 3(4): 153-171.	The influence of macroinvertebrates on detrital processing was evaluated by excluding them from one of two small Southern Appalachian streams by periodic applications of the insecticide methoxychlor. This caused massive invertebrate drift during the initial treatment and reduced aquatic insect densities and biomass to <10% of the levels within the adjacent untreated reference stream. Community structure in the treated stream shifted from a system dominated by small numbers of large shredding insects with comparatively low reproductive rates, to one dominated by large numbers of small collector-gatherers and predators with high reproductive rates. Non-insect invertebrate biomass and density became significantly higher in the treated stream than in the reference stream.  	1094 
Cuffney, T. F., J. B. Wallace, and J. R. Webster	1985	Influence of invertabrates on detrital processing in southern Appalachian streams: A manipulative approach.	Freshwater Invertabrate Biology 3: 153-171.	None 	1093 
Cuffney, T. F., and J. B. Wallace	1988	Particulate organic matter export from three headwater streams: discrete versus continuous measurements.	Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 45: 2010-2016.	Particulate organic matter (POM) export from three small headwater streams was estimated using continuous and grab measurement methods for 2 yrs. Total annual POM export estimated from continuous mesurements was always greater than estimates made from grab samples. Continuous export samples were collected using a weir and gaging flume connected to a Coshocton proportional sampler designed to deliver 0.6% of discharge into a series of three settling barrels. The settling barrels removed a consistent proportion of POM (85-87%). The inability of the discrete method to adequately sample storm and bedload transport underestimates total annual export. 	1092 
Cuffney, T. F., and J. B. Wallace	1989	Discharge-export relationshipsin headwater streams: the influence of invertebrate manipulations and drought.	Journal of the North American Benthological Society 8(4): 331-341.	The roles of streamflow discharge and macroinvertebrate communities export of coarse and fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) were studied in three headwater streams. Two years of continuous discharge measurements were compared with export by two week intervals. The role of macroinvertebrates was examined by treating one of the three streams with an insecticide during Year 2 to reduce populations and alter community structure.  Maximum discharge was the only discharge parameter which adequately predicted FPOM export.  Regressions we